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Author | Quesada, J; Kintsch, W.; Gomez, E. | ||||
Title | Complex problem-solving: a field in search of a definition? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science | Abbreviated Journal | Theor Issues Ergon Sci |
Volume | 6 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 5-33 |
Keywords | Problem solving; Dynamic decision making; Micro-worlds; Expertise | ||||
Abstract | Complex problem-solving (CPS) is as an area of cognitive science that has received a good amount of attention, but theories in the field have not progressed accordingly. The reasons could be the lack of good definitions and classifications of the tasks (taxonomies). Although complexity is a term used pervasively in psychology and is operationalized in different ways, there are no psychological theories of complexity. The definition of problem-solving has been changed in the past to reflect the varied interests of the researchers and has lost its initial concreteness. These two facts together make it difficult to define CPS or make clear if CPS should reuse the theory and methods of classical problem-solving or on the contrary should build a theoretical structure starting from scratch. A taxonomy is offered of tasks using both formal features and psychological features that are theory-independent that could help compare the CPS tasks used in the literature. The adequateness is also reviewed of the most extended definitions of CPS and conclude that they are in serious need of review, since they cover tasks that are not considered problem-solving by their own authors or are not complex, but ignore others that should clearly be included. | ||||
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Publisher | Taylor and Francis Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 604 | ||
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Author | Orbell, J.; Morikawa, T.; Allen,N. | ||||
Title | The Evolution of Political Intelligence: Simulation Results | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | British Journal of Political Science | Abbreviated Journal | Br. J. Polit. Sci. |
Volume | 32 | Issue | Pages | 613-639 | |
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Abstract | Several bodies of theory develop the idea that the intelligence of highly social animals – most interestingly, humans is significantly organized around the adaptive problems posed by their sociality. By this “political intelligence” hypothesis, sociality selects for, among other attributes, capacities for “manipulating” information others can gather about one's own future behaviour, and for “mindreading” such manipulations by others. Yet we have little theory about how diverse parameters of the games that social animals play select for political intelligence. We begin to address that with an evolutionary simulation in which agents choose between playing Prisoner's Dilemma and Hawk-Dove games on the basis of the information they can retrieve about each other given four broad information processing capacities. We show that political intelligence – operationally, the aggregate of those four capacities evolves to its highest levels when co-operative games are generally more attractive than conflictual ones, but when conflictual games are at least sometimes also attractive. | ||||
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Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 609 | ||
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Author | Schnall, Simone; Gattis,Merideth | ||||
Title | Transitive Inference by Visual Reasoning | Type | Conference Volume | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 929-934 | ||
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Abstract | Two experiments are reported that investigated the influence of linear spatial organization on transitive inference performance. Reward/no-reward relations between overlapping pairs of elements were presented in a context of linear spatial order or random spatial order. Participants in the linear arrangement condition showed evidence for visual reasoning: They systematically mapped spatial relations to conceptual relation and used the spatial relations to make inferences on a reasoning task in a new spatial context. We suggest that linear ordering may be a “good figure”, by constituting a parsimonious representation for the integration of premises, as well as for the inferencing process. The late emergence of transitive inference in children may be the result of limited cognitive capacity, which --unless an external spatial array is available --constrains the construction of an internal spatial array. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 610 | ||
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Author | Weeks, J.W.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Heusner, G. | ||||
Title | Preliminary study of the development of the Flehmen response in Equus caballus | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 329-335 |
Keywords | Horse behavior; Flehmen; Foal development | ||||
Abstract | The flehmen response is commonly seen in most ungulates as well as in several other species (e.g. felids). The behavior is most often thought to be part of the sexual behavioral repertoire of males. One reigning hypothesis suggests that this behavior allows the male to determine the estrous state of a female through the chemosensory functions of the vomeronasal organ. However, females and young of both sexes also exhibit this behavior. Horse foals most frequently show the flehmen response during their first month of life with colts showing the behavior more often than fillies. This study tested the flehmen response on male and female foals throughout their pre-pubertal period. Foals were separately presented estrous and non-estrous urine weekly during the first month of life and then monthly until they were approximately 7 months of age. No significant differences were found between male and female foals for the following variables: latency to flehmen, duration of flehmen, frequency of flehmen and sniffs. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 615 | ||
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Author | Ellard, M.-E.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. | ||||
Title | Evaluating equine dominance in draft mares | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 24 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 55-75 |
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Abstract | The social hierarchy of a herd of 12 draft mares was assessed using agonism in the field, paired-feeding tests and a group-feeding test. Results from the paired-feeding test correlated significantly, but imperfectly, with those from the field. Differential motivation among subjects for the feed and disruption of ambiguous relationships among mares reduced the reliability of the paired-feeding test as a measure of social dominance. Results from the group-feeding test did not correlate significantly with the field hierarchy and only a few mares ever ate from the bucket. Height, weight and age each correlated significantly with rank; a mare's tendency to remain alone did not. Total aggressive scores during the paired-feeding test correlated with rank. However, a high-ranking mare was no more aggressive to each of her subordinates than was a low-ranking mare. Rather, all mares aggressed more against individuals close in rank to themselves and with preferred field associates. In the field, mares associated most with other mares of similar rank. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 662 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Investigating equine ingestive, maternal, and sexual behavior in the field and in the laboratory | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1991 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
Volume | 69 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 4161-4166 |
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Abstract | Some of the techniques that may be used to study social, reproductive, and ingestive behavior in horses are described in this paper. One of the aspects of equine social behavior is the dominance hierarchy or patterns of agonistic behavior. Paired or group feeding from a single food source may be used to determine dominance hierarchies quickly. Focal animal studies of undisturbed groups of horses may also be used; this method takes longer, but may reveal affiliative as well as agonistic relationships among the horses. Reproductive behavior includes flehmen, the functional significance of which can be determined using combinations of field observations of harem groups and laboratory studies of stallions exposed to female urine or feces in the absence of the donor mare. Ingestive behavior may include food, salt, or water intake. Direct and indirect measurements of intake can be made and used to answer questions regarding the ability of horses to control their energy intake when the diet is diluted, the effect of feral equids on the ecology of an area, and the abilities of horses to compensate for dehydration and hypovolemia. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 667 | ||
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Author | Houpt, K.A.; Keiper, R. | ||||
Title | The position of the stallion in the equine dominance hierarchy of feral and domestic ponies. | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1982 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci |
Volume | 54 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 945-950 |
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 668 | ||
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Author | Mader, D.R.; Price, E.O. | ||||
Title | Discrimination learning in horses: effects of breed, age and social dominance | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1980 | Publication | Journal of animal science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
Volume | 50 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 962-965 |
Keywords | Aging; Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/*physiology; *Social Dominance | ||||
Abstract | The discrimination learning ability of Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds was compared by means of visual cues in a three-choice test with food as a reward. Quarter Horses learned significantly faster than Thoroughbreds, and learning progressed more rapidly for both breeds in a second discrimination task. Significant negative correlations were observed between age and rate of learning. Quarter Horses tended to be less reactive than Thoroughbreds, but individual emotional reactivity ratings and learning scores were not correlated. No correlation was found between social dominance and learning scores. Learning studies with horses may provide a better understanding of the behavioral traits that influence trainability in this species. | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:7390949 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 679 | ||
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Author | Keiper, R.R.; Sambraus, H.H. | ||||
Title | The stability of equine dominance hierarchies and the effects of kinship, proximity and foaling status on hierarchy rank | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1986 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 16 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 121-130 |
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Abstract | Dominance hierarchies were determined in four bands of feral horses living on Assateague Island. The bands varied in size from 10 to 16 horses, and consisted of one stallion, several mares and their offspring. The animals ranged in age from less than 1 to over 18 years. Field observation of all social interactions during the summer of 1981 was used to determine dominance. 1981 hierarchies for three of the bands were compared with hierarchies determined for the same bands in 1978, and showed that hierarchies change over time. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Mares with foals did not rank any higher in the hierarchies than mares without foals. Kinship did not appear to have an effect on dominance rank either, since neither juvenile nor adult offspring ranks correlated with the ranks of their mothers. The band stallion was not the highest-ranking animal of any band, but the location of the stallion peripheral to the main body of the band, the nature of his interactions with band members, and his length of residence in the band may have contributed to his low rank. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 683 | ||
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Author | Rivera, E.; Benjamin, S.; Nielsen, B.; Shelle, J.; Zanella, A.J. | ||||
Title | Behavioral and physiological responses of horses to initial training: the comparison between pastured versus stalled horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 235-252 |
Keywords | Horses; Housing; Training; Behavior; Stress; Cortisol; Welfare | ||||
Abstract | Horses kept in stalls are deprived of opportunities for social interactions, and the performance of natural behaviors is limited. Inadequate environmental conditions may compromise behavioral development. Initial training is a complex process and it is likely that the responses of horses may be affected by housing conditions. Sixteen 2-year-old Arabian horses were kept on pasture (P) (n=8) or in individual stalls (S) (n=8). Twelve horses (six P and six S) were subjected to a standardized training procedure, carried out by two trainers in a round pen, and 4 horses (two P and two S) were introduced to the round pen but were not trained (C; control). On sample collection day 0, 7, 21 and 28, behavior observations were carried out, blood samples were drawn and heart rates were monitored. Total training time for the stalled horses was significantly higher than total time for the pastured horses (S: 26.4+/-1.5 min; P: 19.7+/-1.1; P=0.032). The stalled group required more time to habituate to the activities occurring from the start of training to mounting (S: 11.4+/-0.96; P: 7.3+/-0.75 min; P=0.007). Frequency of unwanted behavior was higher in the stalled horses (S: 8.0+/-2.0; P: 2.2+/-1.0; P=0.020). Pastured horses tended to have higher basal heart rates on day 0 (S: 74.7+/-4.8; P: 81.8+/-5.3 bpm; P=0.0771). While the physiological data failed to identify differences between housing groups, the behavioral data suggest that pasture-kept horses adapt more easily to training than stalled horses. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 717 | ||
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