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| Author | Proudman, C.; Pinchbeck, G.; Clegg, P.; French, N. | ||||
| Title | Equine welfare: risk of horses falling in the Grand National | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 428 | Issue | 6981 | Pages  |
385-386 |
| Keywords | Accidental Falls/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data; Animal Welfare; Animals; Great Britain; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; *Sports | ||||
| Abstract | As in other competitive sports, the famous Grand National steeplechase, which is held at Aintree in the United Kingdom and is watched by 600 million people worldwide, sometimes results in injury. By analysing data from the past 15 Grand National races (consisting of 560 starts by horses), we are able to identify several factors that are significantly associated with failure to complete the race: no previous experience of the course and its unique obstacles, unfavourable ground conditions (too soft or too hard), a large number of runners, and the length of the odds ('starting price'). We also find that there is an increased risk of falling at the first fence and at the jump known as Becher's Brook, which has a ditch on the landing side. Our findings indicate ways in which the Grand National could be made safer for horses and illustrate how epidemiological analysis might contribute to preventing injury in competitive sport. | ||||
| Address | Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK. c.j.proudman@liverpool.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15042079 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 535 | ||
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| Author | Gilmanshin, R.; Callender, R.H.; Dyer, R.B. | ||||
| Title | The core of apomyoglobin E-form folds at the diffusion limit | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Nature Structural Biology | Abbreviated Journal | Nat Struct Biol |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 5 | Pages |
363-365 |
| Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Diffusion; Horses; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature | ||||
| Abstract | The E-form of apomyoglobin has been characterized using infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies, revealing a compact core with native like contacts, most probably consisting of 15-20 residues of the A, G and H helices of apomyoglobin. Fast temperature-jump, time-resolved infrared measurements reveal that the core is formed within 96 micros at 46 degrees C, close to the diffusion limit for loop formation. Remarkably, the folding pathway of the E-form is such that the formation of a limited number of native-like contacts is not rate limiting, or that the contacts form on the same time scale expected for diffusion controlled loop formation. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1072-8368 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:9586997 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3795 | ||
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| Author | Pocock Rj, | ||||
| Title | The coloration of the Quaggas | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | Pages |
356-357 | |
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| Notes | from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1480 | |||
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| Author | Sugiyama Y | ||||
| Title | Tool use by wild chimpanzees | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 376 | Issue | Pages |
327 | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3041 | ||
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| Author | Prather, J.F.; Peters, S.; Nowicki, S.; Mooney, R. | ||||
| Title | Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 451 | Issue | 7176 | Pages |
305-310 |
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| Abstract | Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons that display a precise auditory–vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified. Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory–vocal correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain note sequences in this songbird’s repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds’ songs. These neurons display nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory feedback to guide vocal learning. |
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| Publisher | Nature Publishing Group | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/nature06492 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5062 | ||
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| Author | Arnold, K.; Zuberbuhler, K. | ||||
| Title | Language evolution: semantic combinations in primate calls | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 441 | Issue | 7091 | Pages |
303 |
| Keywords | Animal Migration; Animals; Eagles/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Haplorhini/*physiology; Male; Predatory Behavior; *Semantics; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Syntax sets human language apart from other natural communication systems, although its evolutionary origins are obscure. Here we show that free-ranging putty-nosed monkeys combine two vocalizations into different call sequences that are linked to specific external events, such as the presence of a predator and the imminent movement of the group. Our findings indicate that non-human primates can combine calls into higher-order sequences that have a particular meaning. | ||||
| Address | School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16710411 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 354 | ||
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| Author | Brosnan, S.F.; De Waal, F.B.M. | ||||
| Title | Monkeys reject unequal pay | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 425 | Issue | 6955 | Pages |
297-299 |
| Keywords | Aging; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; Choice Behavior; *Cooperative Behavior; Female; Male; *Reward; Social Justice | ||||
| Abstract | During the evolution of cooperation it may have become critical for individuals to compare their own efforts and pay-offs with those of others. Negative reactions may occur when expectations are violated. One theory proposes that aversion to inequity can explain human cooperation within the bounds of the rational choice model, and may in fact be more inclusive than previous explanations. Although there exists substantial cultural variation in its particulars, this 'sense of fairness' is probably a human universal that has been shown to prevail in a wide variety of circumstances. However, we are not the only cooperative animals, hence inequity aversion may not be uniquely human. Many highly cooperative nonhuman species seem guided by a set of expectations about the outcome of cooperation and the division of resources. Here we demonstrate that a nonhuman primate, the brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), responds negatively to unequal reward distribution in exchanges with a human experimenter. Monkeys refused to participate if they witnessed a conspecific obtain a more attractive reward for equal effort, an effect amplified if the partner received such a reward without any effort at all. These reactions support an early evolutionary origin of inequity aversion. | ||||
| Address | Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. sbrosna@emory.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:13679918 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 179 | ||
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| Author | Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K. | ||||
| Title | Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 355 | Issue | Pages |
250-253 | |
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| Notes | 10.1038/355250a0 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4842 | ||
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| Author | Smith, W.J. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive Implications of an Information-sharing Model of Animal Communication | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Animal Cognition in Nature | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages |
227-243 | ||
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| Abstract | Summary In social communication, one animal signals and another responds. Several cognitive steps are involved as the second animal selects its responses; these steps can be described as follows in terms of an informational model. First, the responding individual must evaluate the information made available by the signaling on the basis of other information, available from sources contextual to the signal. Second, the respondent must fit all of the relevant information into patterns generated from recall of past events (conscious recall is not generally required; pattern fitting is a fundamental skill). Third, conditional predictions must be made; and fourth, the individual must test and modify any of these predictions for which significant consequences exist. Many vertebrate animals appear to respond to signaling with considerable flexibility. Communicative events are thus complex but are by no means intractable. Indeed, communication provides us with excellent opportunities to investigate animal cognition. | ||||
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| Publisher | Academic Press | Place of Publication | London | Editor | Russell P. Balda; Irene M. Pepperberg; Alan C. Kamil |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 9780120770304 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2914 | ||
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| Author | Alexander, F.; Chowdhury, A.K. | ||||
| Title | Enzymes in the ileal juice of the horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1958 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 181 | Issue | 4603 | Pages |
190 |
| Keywords | *Enzymes; *Horses; Ileum/*metabolism; *Enzymes; *Horses; *ILEUM/metabolism | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:13504127 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 121 | ||
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