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	Author	Gosling, S.D.
	Title	*Personality dimensions in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	112	Issue	2	Pages	107-118
	Keywords	Animals; Carnivora/psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Personality; Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Species Specificity; Temperament
	Abstract	Personality ratings of 34 spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) were made by 4 observers who knew the animals well. Analyses suggest that (a) hyena personality traits were rated with generally high reliability; (b) 5 broad dimensions (Assertiveness, Excitability, Human-Directed Agreeableness, Sociability, and Curiosity) captured about 75% of the total variance; (c) this dimensional structure could not be explained in terms of dominance status, sex, age, or appearance; and (d) as expected, female hyenas were more assertive than male hyenas. Comparisons with previous research provide evidence for the cross-species generality of Excitability, Sociability, and especially Assertiveness. Discussion focuses on methodological issues in research on animal personality and on the potential contributions this research can make for understanding the biological and environmental bases of personality.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1650, USA. samiam@uclink.berkeley.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9642781			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5019
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	Author	Schwab, C.; Huber, L.
	Title	*Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	3	Pages	169-175
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Humans; Motivation; Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior
	Abstract	Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation.
	Address	Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16893253			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4961
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	Author	Soproni, K.; Miklósi, Á.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V.
	Title	*Dogs' (Canis familiaris) responsiveness to human pointing gestures*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	116	Issue	1	Pages	27-34
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Dogs/psychology; Female; Gestures; Male; *Recognition (Psychology); Species Specificity
	Abstract	In a series of 3 experiments, dogs (Canis familiaris) were presented with variations of the human pointing gesture: gestures with reversed direction of movement, cross-pointing, and different arm extensions. Dogs performed at above chance level if they could see the hand (and index finger) protruding from the human body contour. If these minimum requirements were not accessible, dogs still could rely on the body position of the signaler. The direction of movement of the pointing arm did not influence the performance. In summary, these observations suggest that dogs are able to rely on relatively novel gestural forms of the human communicative pointing gesture and that they are able to comprehend to some extent the referential nature of human pointing.
	Address	Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. krisztinasoproni@hotmail.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11926681			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4962
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	Author	Soproni, K.; Miklósi, A.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V.
	Title	*Comprehension of human communicative signs in pet dogs (Canis familiaris)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	115	Issue	2	Pages	122-126
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Dogs/psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Nonverbal Communication/psychology; Recognition (Psychology); *Social Behavior
	Abstract	On the basis of a study by D. J. Povinelli, D. T. Bierschwale, and C. G. Cech (1999), the performance of family dogs (Canis familiaris) was examined in a 2-way food choice task in which 4 types of directional cues were given by the experimenter: pointing and gazing, head-nodding (“at target”), head turning above the correct container (“above target”), and glancing only (“eyes only”). The results showed that the performance of the dogs resembled more closely that of the children in D. J. Povinelli et al.'s study, in contrast to the chimpanzees' performance in the same study. It seems that dogs, like children, interpret the test situation as being a form of communication. The hypothesis is that this similarity is attributable to the social experience and acquired social routines in dogs because they spend more time in close contact with humans than apes do, and as a result dogs are probably more experienced in the recognition of human gestures.
	Address	Department of Ethology, Budapest, Hungary. lavina@ludens.elte.hu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11459158			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4963
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	Author	Call, J.; Brauer, J.; Kaminski, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	*Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are sensitive to the attentional state of humans*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	117	Issue	3	Pages	257-263
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Bonding, Human-Pet; Concept Formation; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Female; Humans; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Nonverbal Communication
	Abstract	Twelve domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were given a series of trials in which they were forbidden to take a piece of visible food. In some trials, the human continued to look at the dog throughout the trial (control condition), whereas in others, the human (a) left the room, (b) turned her back, (c) engaged in a distracting activity, or (d) closed her eyes. Dogs behaved in clearly different ways in most of the conditions in which the human did not watch them compared with the control condition, in which she did. In particular, when the human looked at them, dogs retrieved less food, approached it in a more indirect way, and sat (as opposed to laid down) more often than in the other conditions. Results are discussed in terms of domestic dogs' social-cognitive skills and their unique evolutionary and ontogenetic histories.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. call@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14498801			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	713
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	Author	Whiten, A.; Custance, D.M.; Gomez, J.C.; Teixidor, P.; Bard, K.A.
	Title	Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	110	Issue	1	Pages	3-14
	Keywords	Animals; Child, Preschool; Discrimination Learning; Female; Food Preferences/psychology; Fruit; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Environment
	Abstract	Observational learning in chimpanzees and young children was investigated using an artificial fruit designed as an analog of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each of 3 principal components could be removed in 2 alternative ways, demonstration of only one of which was watched by each subject. This permitted subsequent imitation by subjects to be distinguished from stimulus enhancement. Children aged 2-4 years evidenced imitation for 2 components, but also achieved demonstrated outcomes through their own techniques. Chimpanzees relied even more on their own techniques, but they did imitate elements of 1 component of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of chimpanzee imitation in a functional task designed to simulate foraging behavior hypothesized to be transmitted culturally in the wild.
	Address	Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. aw2@st-andrews.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8851548			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	744
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	Author	Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Vincent, C.J.; Derrington, A.M.
	Title	Cone excitation ratios correlate with color discrimination performance in the horse (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	4	Pages	438-448
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Color Perception; Discrimination (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Horses; Photoreceptors, Vertebrate/*physiology
	Abstract	Six horses (Equus caballus) were trained to discriminate color from grays in a counterbalanced sequence in which lightness cues were irrelevant. Subsequently, the pretrained colors were presented in a different sequence. Two sets of novel colors paired with novel grays were also tested. Performance was just as good in these transfer tests. Once the horse had learned to select the chromatic from the achromatic stimulus, regardless of the specific color, they were immediately able to apply this rule to novel stimuli. In terms of the underlying visual mechanisms, the present study showed for the first time that the spectral sensitivity of horse cone photopigments, measured as cone excitation ratios, was correlated with color discrimination performance, measured as accuracy, repeated errors, and latency of approach.
	Address	School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, United Kingdom. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17115866			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1780
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	Author	Sutton, J.E.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Internal sense of direction and landmark use in pigeons (Columba livia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	119	Issue	3	Pages	273-284
	Keywords	Animals; Columbidae; Conflict (Psychology); Cues; Discrimination Learning; Homing Behavior; Intuition; Orientation; Space Perception; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	The relative importance of an internal sense of direction based on inertial cues and landmark piloting for small-scale navigation by White King pigeons (Columba livia) was investigated in an arena search task. Two groups of pigeons differed in whether they had access to visual cues outside the arena. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given experience with 2 different entrances and all pigeons transferred accurate searching to novel entrances. Explicit disorientation before entering did not affect accuracy. In Experiments 2-4, landmarks and inertial cues were put in conflict or tested 1 at a time. Pigeons tended to follow the landmarks in a conflict situation but could use an internal sense of direction to search when landmarks were unavailable.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. jsutton7@uwo.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16131256			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	360
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	Author	Vokey, J.R.; Rendall, D.; Tangen, J.M.; Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Visual kin recognition and family resemblance in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	118	Issue	2	Pages	194-199
	Keywords	Animals; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; Random Allocation; Recognition (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	The male-offspring biased visual kin recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reported by L. A. Parr and F. B. M. de Waal (1999) was replicated with human (Homo sapiens) participants and a principal components analysis (PCA) of pixel maps of the chimpanzee face photos. With the same original materials and methods, both humans and the PCA produced the same asymmetry in kin recognition as found with the chimpanzees. The PCA suggested that the asymmetry was a function of differences in the distribution of global characteristics associated with the framing of the faces in the son and daughter test sets. Eliminating potential framing biases, either by cropping the photos tightly to the faces or by rebalancing the recognition foils, eliminated the asymmetry but not human participants' ability to recognize chimpanzee kin.
	Address	Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. vokey@uleth.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15250806			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	171
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	Author	Flack, J.C.; Jeannotte, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Play signaling and the perception of social rules by juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	118	Issue	2	Pages	149-159
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; Play and Playthings; Recognition (Psychology); Signal Detection (Psychology); *Social Perception
	Abstract	Prescriptive social rules are enforced statistical regularities. The authors investigated whether juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize and use enforced statistical regularities to guide dyadic play behavior. They hypothesized (a) that proximity of adults, especially mothers of younger play partners, to play bouts will increase the play signaling of older partners and (b) that when juvenile-juvenile play bouts occur in proximity to adults, older partners will play at a lower intensity than when no adults are present. They found that older and younger partners increase their play signaling in the presence of the mothers of younger partners, particularly as the intensity of play bouts increases. In contrast to their hypothesis, older partners played more roughly when the mothers of younger partners were in proximity. These results suggest that juvenile chimpanzees increase play signaling to prevent termination of the play bouts by mothers of younger partners.
	Address	Santa Fe Institute, NM 97501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15250802			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	172
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