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McGlone, J.J.; Hicks, T.A. |
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Title |
Teaching standard agricultural practices that are known to be painful |
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1993 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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71 |
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4 |
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1071-1074 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2933 |
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Author |
McCall, C.A. |
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Title |
A Review of Learning Behavior in Horses and its Application in Horse Training |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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68 |
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1 |
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75-81 |
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A literature review of the equine learning research conducted in the past 20 yr revealed that the purpose of most of the studies was to determine whether horses respond to learning situations in the same way that other animals do. The results indicated that horses can discriminate many different types of stimuli, and they learn through stimulus-response- reinforcement chains. Most equine learning studies have utilized learning tasks depending on primary positive reinforcement to get the horses to work the tests. Yet, the majority of horse trainers use negative reinforcement more often than primary positive reinforcement in their training procedures. Therefore, past research often did not have a direct application to training methods commonly utilized in the horse industry. Research also demonstrated that 1) early experiences of horses can affect learning ability later, 2) equine memory is efficient and 3) concentrating learning mals in long training sessions decreases equine learning efficiency. Many factors that might affect equine learning ability and be applicable to training practices in the horse industry have not been thoroughly investigated; for example, interactions between nutrition and learning and between exercise and learning, the use of negative and secondary reinforcements in horse training, and the horse's ability to make few initial errors compared to its ability to eliminate errors as training progresses all require investigation in future equine learning studies. N1 - |
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1992 |
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Marshall, T.T.; Hoover, T.S.; Reiling, B.A.; Downs, K.M. |
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Title |
Experiential learning in the animal sciences: effect of 13 years of a beef cattle management practicum |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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76 |
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11 |
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2947-2952 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2938 |
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Marc, M.; Parvizi, N.; Ellendorff, F.; Kallweit, E.; Elsaesser, F. |
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Title |
Plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations in the warmblood horse in response to a standardized treadmill exercise test as physiological markers for evaluation of training status |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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78 |
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7 |
Pages |
1936-1946 |
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/*blood/diagnostic use; Animals; Catheterization/veterinary; Exercise Test; Horses/*blood; Hydrocortisone/*blood; Male; *Physical Conditioning, Animal |
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Reliable physiological markers for performance evaluation in sport horses are missing. To determine the diagnostic value of plasma ACTH and cortisol measurements in the warmblood horse, 10 initially 3-yr-old geldings of the Hannovarian breed were either exposed to a training schedule or served as controls. During experimental Phase 1, horses were group-housed, and half of the horses were trained for 20 wk on a high-speed treadmill. During Phase 2, groups were switched and one group was trained for 10 wk as during Phase 1, whereas the control group was confined to boxes. During Phase 3 horses were initially schooled for riding. Thereafter, all horses were regularly schooled for dressage and jumping, and half of the horses received an additional endurance training for 24 wk. During all phases horses were exposed at regular intervals to various standardized treadmill exercise tests. During and after the tests frequent blood samples were taken from an indwelling jugular catheter for determination of ACTH and cortisol. Treadmill exercise increased both hormones. Maximum ACTH concentrations were recorded at the end of exercise, and maximum cortisol levels were recorded 20 to 30 min later. Except for one test there were no differences in ACTH levels between trained horses and controls. There was no significant effect of training on the cortisol response (net increase) to treadmill exercise in any of the tests during Phase 1. During Phase 2 higher cortisol responses were recorded in controls than in trained horses (P < .05) after 10 wk of training (controls confined to boxes). During Phase 3 plasma cortisol responses were also higher in controls than in trained horses (P < .05 after 6, 18, and 24, P < or = .07 after 12 wk of training) when the inclination of the treadmill was 5%, but not at 3%. There was no overlap in net cortisol responses at 30 min between trained and untrained horses. An ACTH application after 24 wk of training resulted in higher cortisol responses in controls than in trained horses (P < or = .05), without any overlap between the groups at 30 min after ACTH. Plasma cortisol responses to either treadmill exercise or ACTH injection may be a reliable physiological marker for performance evaluation. Prerequisites are sufficient differences in training status and sufficient intensity of exercise test conditions. |
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Institute of Animal Science and Animal Behaviour, Federal Agricultural Research Center (FAL) Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:10907837 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3732 |
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Author |
Mader, D.R.; Price, E.O. |
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Title |
Discrimination learning in horses: effects of breed, age and social dominance |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
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Journal of animal science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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50 |
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5 |
Pages |
962-965 |
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Aging; Animals; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/*physiology; *Social Dominance |
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The discrimination learning ability of Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds was compared by means of visual cues in a three-choice test with food as a reward. Quarter Horses learned significantly faster than Thoroughbreds, and learning progressed more rapidly for both breeds in a second discrimination task. Significant negative correlations were observed between age and rate of learning. Quarter Horses tended to be less reactive than Thoroughbreds, but individual emotional reactivity ratings and learning scores were not correlated. No correlation was found between social dominance and learning scores. Learning studies with horses may provide a better understanding of the behavioral traits that influence trainability in this species. |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:7390949 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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679 |
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Lanier, J.L.; Grandin, T.; Green, R.D.; Avery, D.; McGee, K. |
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The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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78 |
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6 |
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1467-1474 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2945 |
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Author |
Krzak, W.E.; Gonyou, H.W.; Lawrence, L.M. |
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Wood chewing by stabled horses: diurnal pattern and effects of exercise |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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69 |
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3 |
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1053-1058 |
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Animal Feed; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Circadian Rhythm; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; *Mastication; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage; Videotape Recording; Wood |
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Nine yearling horses, stabled in individual stalls, were used in a trial to determine the diurnal pattern of wood chewing and the effects of exercise on this behavior. The trial was a Latin square design conducted over three 2-wk periods during which each horse was exposed to each of the three following treatments: 1) no exercise (NE), 2) exercise after the morning feeding (AM), and 3) exercise in the afternoon (PM). Horses were fed a complete pelleted feed in the morning and both pelleted feed and long-stemmed hay in the afternoon. Exercise consisted of 45 min on a mechanical walker followed by 45 min in a paddock with bare soil. Each stall was equipped with two untreated spruce boards during each period for wood chewing. Wood chewing was evaluated by videotaping each horse for 22 h during each period, determining the weight and volume of the boards before and after each period, and by visual appraisal of the boards. Intake of trace mineralized salt was also measured. Wood chewing occurred primarily between 2200 and 1200. All measures of wood chewing were correlated when totals for the entire 6 wk were analyzed. When analysis was performed on 2-wk values, videotape results were not correlated with volume or weight loss of boards. Horses chewed more when on the NE treatment (511 s/d) than when on AM or PM (57 and 136 s/d, respectively; P less than .05). Salt intake tended to be greater for NE than for the other treatments (P less than .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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Dept. of Anim. Sci., University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:2061237 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1949 |
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Kratzer, D.D.; Netherland, W.M.; Pulse, R.E.; Baker, J.P. |
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Title |
Maze Learning in Quarter Horses |
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1977 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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45 |
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4 |
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896-902 |
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A two-compartment maze providing a single left- or right-side choice was used to test maze-learning ability in 37 quarter horses. Preference for left- or right-side choices varied among the horses. The taller and thinner horses tended to go left. The horses showed learning ability based on decreases in latency and decreases in errors as trials progressed in a right-side escape pattern. The rate of learning an opposite escape pattern, left-side escape, was faster but owing to the large number of errors occurring when the pattern was reversed, the level of errors did not reduce to a level comparable to that achieved in the right-side escape pattern until adverse stimuli were presented in the blind compartment. Heavier horses took longer to escape from the maze when adverse stimuli were presented. Differences in learning ability for horses fed various levels of dietary protein were not consistent. N1 - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3574 |
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Author |
Kimura, R. |
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Title |
Volatile substances in feces, urine and urine-marked feces of feral horses |
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2001 |
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Canadian Journal of Animal Science |
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Can. J. Anim. Sci. |
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81 |
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3 |
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411-420 |
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Odors (volatile), excrement, scent-marking, masking, horse (feral), (releaser) pheromone |
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The identity and amount of volatile substances in the feces, urine and feces scent-marked with urine (i.e., feces mixed with urine) of feral horses was determined by acid/steam distillation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The frequency of excretion and scent marking, as evaluated in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, showed clear evidence of seasonal behavioral differences. The concentration of each substance (fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, amines and alkanes) in the feces differed according to maturity, sex and stage in the reproductive process. They had a characteristic chemical fingerprint. Although the levels of tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids in the feces of estrous mares were significantly higher than the respective levels in the feces of non-estrous mares, in the case of scent-marked feces by stallions, the levels of them in the feces from estrous mares had decreased to levels similar to those in non-estrous mares. The concentration of these substances in mares were not significantly different. The presence of a high concentration of cresols in the urine of stallions in the breeding season suggests that one role of scent marking by stallions is masking the odor of the feces produced by mares. |
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0008-3984 |
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Equine Museum of Japan, 1-3 Negishidai, Nakaku, Yokohama 231, Japan (hidousch@alles.or.jp) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2314 |
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Kendrick, K.M. |
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How the sheep's brain controls the visual recognition of animals and humans |
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1991 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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69 |
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12 |
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5008-5016 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2940 |
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