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	Author	Gardner, P.
	Title	Responses of horses to the same signal in different positions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1937	Publication	journal of Comparative Psychology,	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Physiol
	Volume	23	Issue	2	Pages	305-332.
	Keywords
	Abstract	The horses were required to differentiate a box containing a black cloth from two associated boxes with no cloth. The correct box contained food. It differed in actual position with respect to the other boxes from trial to trial. After learning had occurred, the position of the cloth signal was changed. The changed positions produced many errors, the number of errors depending upon whether the cloth was higher or lower than the opening of the food box. Retests showed original learning to be relatively stable and unaffected. Factors influencing accuracy of discrimination were: contacts with cloth, position of box with respect to entrance, age of the horse (the younger made fewer errors), and breed and type of horse. There is evidence of some retention after three years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3592
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	Author	Birch, H.G.
	Title	The relation of previous experience to insightful problem-solving			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1945	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	38	Issue		Pages	367-383
	Keywords	Humans; Problem Solving; Psychology, Comparative; *PSYCHOLOGY/comparative
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-9940	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:21010765			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6554
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Fragaszy, D.M.; Visalberghi E.
	Title	Social influences on the acquisition of tool-using behaviors in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
	Volume	103	Issue	2	Pages	159-170
	Keywords
	Abstract	To identify behaviors related to acquisition of tool-use in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella), we presented two tool-using tasks to two groups, extending findings by Westergaard and Fragaszy (1987) and Visalberghi (in press). Five Ss learned to use the tools in each task. The primary predictor of success was level of interest in the task. Observation of others at the apparatus did not facilitate exploratory behaviors or contact with the tools in the observers. Most animals performed exploratory behaviors more often when they were at the apparatus alone than when with another, whether or not the other was using a tool. Observers were quick to learn the relationship between another's activities and the appearance of food. We conclude that capuchins do not readily learn about instrumental relations by observation of others or imitate other's acts. Imitation probably plays no role in the spread of novel instrumental behaviors among monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
	Address	social influences, acquisition of tool using
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2993
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	Author	Pepperberg, I.M.; Brezinsky, M.V.
	Title	Acquisition of a relative class concept by an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus): discriminations based on relative size			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	105	Issue	3	Pages	286-294
	Keywords	Animals; Aptitude; Concept Formation; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Male; Mental Recall; Parrots; Size Perception; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	We report that an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus), Alex, responds to stimuli on a relative basis. Previous laboratory studies with artificial stimuli (such as pure tones) suggest that birds make relational responses as a secondary strategy, only after they have acquired information about the absolute values of the stimuli. Alex, however, after learning to respond to a small set of exemplars on the basis of relative size, transferred this behavior to novel situations that did not provide specific information about the absolute values of the stimuli. He responded to vocal questions about which was the larger or smaller exemplar by vocally labeling its color or material, and he responded “none” if the exemplars did not differ in size. His overall accuracy was 78.7%.
	Address	Northwestern University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1935007			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3610
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	Author	Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Silk, J.B.
	Title	The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	109	Issue	2	Pages	134-141
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; Awareness; Concept Formation; Dominance-Subordination; Fear; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Papio/psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) understanding of cause-effect relations in the context of social interactions was examined through use of a playback experiment. Under natural conditions, dominant female baboons often grunt to more subordinate mothers when interacting with their infants. Mothers occasionally respond to these grunts by uttering submissive fear barks. Subjects were played causally inconsistent call sequences in which a lower ranking female apparently grunted to a higher ranking female, and the higher ranking female apparently responded with fear barks. As a control, subjects heard a sequence made causally consistent by the inclusion of grunts from a 3rd female that was dominant to both of the others. Subjects responded significantly more strongly to the causally inconsistent sequences, suggesting that they recognized the factors that cause 1 individual to give submissive vocalizations to another.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7758289			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	348
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	Author	Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Use of social information in the problem solving of orangutans (<em>Pongo pygmaeus</em>) and human children (<em>Homo sapiens</em>)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
	Volume	109	Issue	3	Pages	308-320
	Keywords	cross species imitative learning in problem solving, human 3–4 yr olds vs orangutans
	Abstract	Fourteen juvenile and adult orangutans and 24 3- and 4-yr-old children participated in 4 studies on imitative learning in a problem-solving situation. In all studies a simple to operate apparatus was used, but its internal mechanism was hidden from subjects to prevent individual learning. In the 1st study, orangutans observed a human demonstrator perform 1 of 4 actions on the apparatus and obtain a reward; they subsequently showed no signs of imitative learning. Similar results were obtained in a 2nd study in which orangutan demonstrators were used. Similar results were also obtained in a 3rd study in which a human encouraged imitation from an orangutan that had previously been taught to mimic arbitrary human actions. In a 4th study, human 3- and 4-yr-old children learned the task by means of imitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	US: American Psychological Association	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1939-2087 (Electronic); 0735-7036 (Print)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1995-42883-001			Serial	5448
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	Author	Russon, A.E.; Galdikas, B.M.F.
	Title	*Constraints on great apes' imitation: Model and action selectivity in rehabilitant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) imitation*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
	Volume	109	Issue	1	Pages	5-17
	Keywords	*Imitation (Learning); Primates (Nonhuman)
	Abstract	We discuss selectivity in great ape imitation, on the basis of an observational study of spontaneous imitation in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Research on great ape imitation has neglected selectivity, although comparative evidence suggests it may be important. We observed orangutans in central Indonesian Borneo and assessed patterns in the models and actions they spontaneously imitated. The patterns we found resembled those reported in humans. Orangutans preferred models with whom they had positive affective relationships (e.g., important caregiver or older sibling) and actions that reflected their current competence, were receptively familiar, and were relevant to tasks that faced them. Both developmental and individual variability were found. We discuss the probable functions of imitation for great apes and the role of selectivity in directing it. We also make suggestions for more effective elicitation of imitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Psychological Association	Place of Publication	Us	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1995-20268-001			Serial	5690
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.
	Title	Macaque social culture: development and perpetuation of affiliative networks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	110	Issue	2	Pages	147-154
	Keywords	Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Maternal Behavior; Peer Group; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Social Distance; Social Environment
	Abstract	Maternal affiliative relations may be transmitted to offspring, similar to the way in which maternal rank determines offspring rank. The development of 23 captive female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until adulthood. A multivariate analysis compared relations among age peers with affiliative relations, kinship, and rank distance among mothers. Maternal relations were an excellent predictor of affiliative relations among daughters, explaining up to 64% of the variance. Much of this predictability was due to the effect of kinship. However, after this variable had been controlled, significant predictability persisted. For relations of female subjects with male peers, on the other hand, maternal relations had no significant predictive value beyond the effect of kinship. One possible explanation of these results is that young rhesus females copy maternal social preferences through a process of cultural learning.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@rmy.emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8681528			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	204
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	Author	Akins, C.K.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Imitative learning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the two-action method			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	110	Issue	3	Pages	316-320
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Coturnix; Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	The study of imitative learning in animals has suffered from the presence of a number of confounding motivational and attentional factors (e.g., social facilitation and stimulus enhancement). The two-action method avoids these problems by exposing observers to demonstrators performing a response (e.g., operating a treadle) using 1 of 2 distinctive topographies (e.g., by pecking or by stepping). Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) observers exposed to conspecific demonstrators showed a high correlation between the topography of the response they observed and the response they performed. These data provide strong evidence for the existence of true imitative learning in an active, precocious bird under conditions that control for alternative accounts.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8858851			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	254
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	Author	Whiten, A.; Custance, D.M.; Gomez, J.C.; Teixidor, P.; Bard, K.A.
	Title	Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	110	Issue	1	Pages	3-14
	Keywords	Animals; Child, Preschool; Discrimination Learning; Female; Food Preferences/psychology; Fruit; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Environment
	Abstract	Observational learning in chimpanzees and young children was investigated using an artificial fruit designed as an analog of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each of 3 principal components could be removed in 2 alternative ways, demonstration of only one of which was watched by each subject. This permitted subsequent imitation by subjects to be distinguished from stimulus enhancement. Children aged 2-4 years evidenced imitation for 2 components, but also achieved demonstrated outcomes through their own techniques. Chimpanzees relied even more on their own techniques, but they did imitate elements of 1 component of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of chimpanzee imitation in a functional task designed to simulate foraging behavior hypothesized to be transmitted culturally in the wild.
	Address	Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland. aw2@st-andrews.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8851548			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	744
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