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Author Sueur, C.; Petit, O. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Organization of Group Members at Departure Is Driven by Social Structure in Macaca Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages (down) 1085-1098  
  Keywords dominance – kinship – Macaca tonkeana – M. mulatta – network metrics – order – movement  
  Abstract Abstract  Researchers have often explained order of progression of group members during joint movement in terms of the influence of ecological pressures but rarely that of social constraints. We studied the order of joining by group members to a movement in semifree-ranging macaques with contrasting social systems: 1 group of Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana) and 1 group of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). We used network metrics to understand roles and associations among individuals. The way the macaques joined a movement reflected the social differences between the species in terms of dominance and kinship. Old and dominant male rhesus macaques were more often at the front of the movement, contrary to the Tonkean macaques, which exhibited no specific order. Moreover, rhesus macaques preferred to join high-ranking or related individuals, whereas Tonkean macaques based associations during joining mostly on sexual relationships with a subgroup of peripheral males.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5125  
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Author Knopff, K.; Pavelka, M. doi  openurl
  Title Feeding Competition and Group Size in Alouatta pigra Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 27 Issue 4 Pages (down) 1059-1078  
  Keywords Alouatta pigra – ecological constraints – group size – infanticide – social constraints  
  Abstract Researchers consider group size in primates to be determined by complex relationships among numerous ecological forces. Antipredator benefits and better resource defense are the primary pressures for large groups. Conversely, intragroup limited food availability, can result in greater intragroup feeding competition and individual energy expenditure in larger groups, creating energetic advantages for individuals in small groups and placing an upper limit group size. However, the extent to which food availability constrains group size remains unclear for many species, including black howlers (Alouatta pigra), which ubiquitously live in small social groups (≤10 individuals). We studied the relationship between group size and 2 key indices of feeding competition-day journey length and activity budgets in 3 groups of wild Alouatta pigra at a hurricane-damaged site in Belize, Central America. We controlled for differences in food availability between home ranges (food tree density) and compared both indicators of feeding competition directly with temporal variation in food availability for each group. Our results show no consistent association between resource availability, group size, and either index of competition, indicating that feeding competition does not limit group size at the site i.e., that larger groups can form without increased costs of feeding competition. The results support the search for other explanations, possibly social ones, for small group size in the primates, and we conclude with suggestions and evidence for such alternative explanations.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 808  
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Author Erhart, E.; Overdorff, D. doi  openurl
  Title Female Coordination of Group Travel in Wild Propithecus and Eulemur Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 20 Issue 6 Pages (down) 927-940-940  
  Keywords Biomedical and Life Sciences  
  Abstract Coordination of primate group movements by individual group members is generally categorized as leadership behavior, which entails several steps: deciding where to move next, initiating travel, and leading a group between food, water sources, and rest sites. Presumably, leaders are able to influence their daily foraging efficiency and nutritional intake, which could influence an individual's feeding ecology and long-term reproductive success. Within anthropoid species, females lead group movements in most female-bonded groups, while males lead groups in most nonfemale-bonded groups. Group leadership has not been described for social prosimians, which are typically not female-bonded. We describe group movements in two nonfemale-bonded, lemurid species living in southeastern Madagascar, Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Eulemur fulvus rufus. Although several social lemurids exhibit female dominance Eulemur fulvus rufus does not, and evidence for female dominance is equivocal in Propithecus diadema edwardsi. Given the ecological stresses that females face during reproduction, we predict that females in these two species will implement alternative behavioral strategies such as group leadership in conjunction with, or in the absence of, dominance interactions to improve access to food. We found that females in both species initiated and led group movements significantly more often than males did. In groups with multiple females, one female was primarily responsible for initiating and leading group movements. We conclude that female nutritional needs may determine ranging behavior to a large extent in these prosimian species, at least during months of gestation and lactation.  
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  Publisher Springer Netherlands Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0164-0291 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5308  
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Author Potì , P.; Bartolommei, P.; Saporiti, M. doi  openurl
  Title Landmark Use by Cebus apella Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 26 Issue Pages (down) 921-948  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3508  
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Author Silk, J.B. doi  openurl
  Title Kin Selection in Primate Groups Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 23 Issue 4 Pages (down) 849-875  
  Keywords Biomedical and Life Sciences  
  Abstract Altruism poses a problem for evolutionary biologists because natural selection is not expected to favor behaviors that are beneficial to recipients, but costly to actors. The theory of kin selection, first articulated by Hamilton (1964), provides a solution to the problem. Hamilton's well-known rule (br > c) provides a simple algorithm for the evolution of altruism via kin selection. Because kin recognition is a crucial requirement of kin selection, it is important to know whether and how primates can recognize their relatives. While conventional wisdom has been that primates can recognize maternal kin, but not paternal kin, this view is being challenged by new findings. The ability to recognize kin implies that kin selection may shape altruistic behavior in primate groups. I focus on two cases in which kin selection is tightly woven into the fabric of social life. For female baboons, macaques, and vervets maternal kinship is an important axis of social networks, coalitionary activity, and dominance relationships. Detailed studies of the patterning of altruistic interactions within these species illustrate the extent and limits of nepotism in their social lives. Carefully integrated analyses of behavior, demography, and genetics among red howlers provide an independent example of how kin selection shapes social organization and behavior. In red howlers, kin bonds shape the life histories and reproductive performance of both males and female. The two cases demonstrate that kin selection can be a powerful source of altruistic activity within primate groups. However, to fully assess the role of kin selection in primate groups, we need more information about the effects of kinship on the patterning of behavior across the Primates and accurate information about paternal kin relationships.  
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  Publisher Springer Netherlands Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0164-0291 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5247  
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Author Wittig, R.M.; Boesch, C. doi  openurl
  Title Food Competition and Linear Dominance Hierarchy Among Female Chimpanzees of the Ta National Park Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 24 Issue 4 Pages (down) 847-867  
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  Abstract Dominance rank in female chimpanzees correlates positively with reproductive success. Although a high rank obviously has an advantage for females, clear (linear) hierarchies in female chimpanzees have not been detected. Following the predictions of the socio-ecological model, the type of food competition should affect the dominance relationships among females. We investigated food competition and relationships among 11 adult female chimpanzees in the Ta National Park, C+ete d'Ivoire (West Africa). We detected a formal linear dominance hierarchy among the females based on greeting behaviour directed from the subordinate to the dominant female. Females faced contest competition over food, and it increased when either the food was monopolizable or the number of competitors increased. Winning contests over food, but not age, was related to the dominance rank. Affiliative relationships among the females did not help to explain the absence of greetings in some dyads. However comparison post hoc among chimpanzee study sites made differences in the dominance relationships apparent. We discuss them based on social relationships among females, contest competition and predation. The cross-site comparison indicates that the differences in female dominance hierarchies among the chimpanzee study sites are affected by food competition, predation risk and observation time.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2205  
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Author Reader, S.; Laland, K. doi  openurl
  Title Primate Innovation: Sex, Age and Social Rank Differences Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages (down) 787-805  
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  Abstract Analysis of an exhaustive survey of primate behavior collated from the published literature revealed significant variation in rates of innovation among individuals of different sex, age and social rank. We searched approximately 1,000 articles in four primatology journals, together with other relevant databases, for examples of innovation. The reported incidence of innovation is higher in males and adults, and lower in females and nonadults, than would be expected by chance given the estimated relative proportions of these groups. Amongst chimpanzees, the only species for which there are sufficient data to consider alone, there is a similar sex difference in the propensity to innovate, but no effect of age. Chimpanzees of low social rank are reported as innovators more frequently than high-ranking chimpanzees are. Male chimpanzees innovate more often than females in sexual, courtship, mating and display contexts; that is, in contexts likely to increase access to mates. The largest number of recorded observations are in the foraging context, wherein contrary to expectations, there is no evidence for female chimpanzees exhibiting more innovation than males. The study is the first extensive investigation of behavioral innovation in primates and provides evidence that much individual variation in the propensity to innovate can be explained in terms of sex, age, and social rank.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2152  
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Author Deutsch, J.; Lee, P. doi  openurl
  Title Dominance and feeding competition in captive rhesus monkeys Type Journal Article
  Year 1991 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 12 Issue 6 Pages (down) 615-628  
  Keywords female dominance – feeding competition – nutrition – stress  
  Abstract The feeding behavior of 16 adult female rhesus monkeys living in three captive social groups was observed. Estimates of relative food intake, feeding rate, and location of feeding in relation to food sources were compared between females of different dominance ranks. Higher-ranking females had greater access to feeding sites and were supplanted or threatened less frequently while feeding than subordinates. However, no consistent differences in estimates of total intake were found between females of high and females of low rank. The effects of dominance on feeding behavior were most pronounced in the group receiving the least food relative to estimates of overall group nutritional requirements. Higher-ranking females, both over the long term and during the study period, tended to produce more surviving offspring. The effects of dominance on reproductive performance appeared to be less related to food intake than to competitive and aggressive interactions, potentially resulting in higher levels of stress for subordinates.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 813  
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Author Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. doi  openurl
  Title Patterns of Gazing in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages (down) 501-526  
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  Abstract Eyes play an important role in communication amongst humans and animals. However, relatively little is known about specific differences in eye morphology amongst primates and how these features might be associated with social structure and direction of gaze. We present a detailed study of gazing and eye morphology-exposed sclera and surrounding features in orangutans. We measured gazing in rehabilitating orangutans in two contexts: interspecific viewing of the experimenter (with video camera) and intraspecific gazing (between subjects). Our findings show that direct staring is avoided and social looking is limited to certain age/social categories: juveniles engage in more looking at other orangutans than do adults or infants. While orangutans use eye movements in social communication, they avoid the more prolonged mutual gaze that is characteristic of humans, and also apparent in chimpanzees and gorillas. Detailed frame-by-frame analysis of videotapes from field and zoo studies of orangutans revealed that they pay visual attention to both human observers and conspecifics by glancing sideways, with the head turned at an angle away from the subject being observed. Mutual gaze was extremely rare, and we have observed only two incidences of gaze following. Orangutans in captivity appear to use a more restricted pattern of gazes compared to free-living, rehabilitating ones, possibly suggesting the presence of a pathological condition (such as depression) in the captive subjects. Our findings have implications for further investigations of social communication and cognition in orangutans.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3398  
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Author Prud`homme, J.; Chapais, B. doi  openurl
  Title Development of intervention behavior in Japanese macaques: Testing the targeting hypothesis Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication International Journal of Primatology Abbreviated Journal Int. J. Primatol.  
  Volume 17 Issue 3 Pages (down) 429-443  
  Keywords Biomedical and Life Sciences  
  Abstract Matrilineal dominance systems, which characterize several species of cercopithecines, are determined largely by the patterning of third-party aggressive interventions in conflicts. Although the role of interventions in structuring rank relations has received much attention, very few studies have dealt specifically with the development of intervention behavior. In other words,most studies have focused on the interventions received and their effect on the recipients rather than on the interventions performed and the goals of the interveners. We analyzed the intervention behavior of 10 juvenile females in a colony of 40 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The analysis of 749 interventions performed by the juveniles over their first 4 years and 2425 interventions received over the same period reveals that (1) juvenile females intervened selectively against females ranking below their mother, (2) they began to intervene at about the same time that they began to challenge the latter females in dyadic contests, (3) they sided with females as well as with males against these females, (4) juvenile interveners incurred little risks in terms of aggressive retaliation from their targets, (5) they derived immediate benefits in terms of conflicts won over stronger targets, (6) interventions often did not take place when the possible recipients needed support, and (7) interveners did not conform to a pattern of mutually preferential support. These results support the view that interventions by juveniles are selfish (vs altruistic) and constitute a low-cost and effective means to target and to outrank prospectively subordinate females.  
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  Publisher Springer Netherlands Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0164-0291 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5245  
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