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| Author |
Partridge, B.L. |
| Title |
Internal dynamics and the interrelations of fish in schools |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Physiol Sensory Neural Behav Physiol |
| Volume |
144 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
313-325 |
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| Abstract |
The three-dimensional structure of schools of saithe (Pollachius virens) and the interactions between individuals over time were analyzed in 12,240 frames of videotape sampled at 2.7 Hz. Time series analyses of the interactions between identified individuals allowed testing of assumptions of anonymity vs. leadership in schools and investigation of the transfer of information between individuals by which collective decisions are made. Results include the following:1.Saithe match changes in both swimming direction and speed of their neighbors but correlations are greater for swimming speed. Average speed of the school does not greatly affect correlations between neighboring fish although the reaction latencies may be somewhat increased. As shown previously (Partridge et al. 1980) nearest neighbor distance (NND) decreases with increasing school velocity.2.Saithe simultaneously match the headings and swimming speeds of at least their first two nearest neighbors within the school (NN1 and NN2). Partialling out the correlation between a fish's neighbors demonstrates that a fish's correlation to his second nearest neighbor (NN2) is not simply a transitive function of mutual correlation between the NN1 and NN2.3.Several sources of individual variation in schooling performance were examined. In all respects except one, that of preferred positions within the school, saithe showed no individual differences, i.e., some were not “better schoolers” than others. Although fish in the school differed in length by up to a factor of 2.5, no size related effects in NND or nearest neighbor positioning were found.4.Single Linkage Cluster Analysis (SLCA) of the cross-correlations of fishs' swimming speeds and directions demonstrated quantitatively the existence of subgroups within schools if they contain more than 10-11 members. Subgroups acting more-or-less independently in terms of short term variations in speed and direction nonetheless remained within the school as a whole and were not often apparent to observers since members of one group interdigitated with those of another. How individuals know to which subgroup they belong remains unanswered. |
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2063 |
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Seferta, A.; Guay, P.-J.; Marzinotto, E.; Lefebvre, L. |
| Title |
Learning Differences between Feral Pigeons and Zenaida Doves: The Role of Neophobia and Human Proximity |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
107 |
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281-293 |
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Learning differences predicted from ecological variables can be confounded with differences in wariness of novel stimuli (neophobia). Previous work on feral pigeons (Columba livia), as well as on group-feeding and territorial zenaida doves (Zenaida aurita), reported individual and social learning differences predicted from social foraging mode. In the present study, we show that speed of learning a foraging task covaries with neophobia and latency to feed from a familiar dish in the three types of columbids. Pigeons were much faster than either territorial or group-feeding zenaida doves on all tests conducted in captivity, but showed unexpectedly strong neophobia in some urban flocks during field tests. Human proximity strongly affected performance in group-feeding doves both in the field and in captivity. They were slightly faster at learning than their territorial conspecifics in cage tests. In multiple regressions, species identity, but not social foraging mode, significantly predicted individual variation in learning, as did individual variation in neophobia. Wariness of novel stimuli and species differences associated with artificial selection appear to be more important than foraging mode and wariness of humans in accounting for learning differences between these columbids. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2184 |
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Vervaecke, H.; Stevens, J.; Vandemoortele, H.; Sigurjönsdöttir, H.; De Vries, H. |
| Title |
Aggression and dominance in matched groups of subadult Icelandic horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethol. |
| Volume |
25 |
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3 |
Pages |
239-248 |
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Equus – Dominance – Aggression – Hierarchy – Steepness |
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Abstract We studied sex differences in the nature of aggression and dominance behaviour in two newly formed groups of 1-year-old Icelandic horses. One herd contained nine geldings, the other nine mares. The groups were matched with regard to dominance-determining traits such as age, weaning age, composition of native herd, social experience, genetic origin, body condition and maternal dominance status. High-ranking individuals of both sexes were more aggressive, high-ranking males were older, and high-ranking females had a better body condition. Frequencies of aggressions were similar in both groups. The mares reacted significantly more by showing submission upon an aggression rather than by not responding or by escalating the aggression. For the geldings, this difference was not observed due to a lower tendency to submit. A linear dominance hierarchy was found in both groups. David`s scores provided additional information regarding cardinal rank distances and were used to calculate steepness of hierarchies. The female hierarchy was somewhat steeper compared to the male hierarchy, suggesting somewhat lower despotism among males. This was mainly a consequence of the lower unidirectionality in male submission. Male contests occurred predominantly between dyads at top and mid positions, suggesting a low degree of acceptance of the hierarchy. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2192 |
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Carson, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M. |
| Title |
Equine behaviour: I. A review of the literature on social and dam--Foal behaviour |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
165-178 |
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In most cases, the social organisation of each of the seven species of Equidae existing today outside captivity is either territorial or non-territorial. The striking differences found between these two types of organisation in the social grouping and bonds, mating behaviour, leadership and dominance hierarchies of the animals are examined. It is thought that the non-territorial species show a less primitive type of organisation than the territorial animals. Infant Equidae are precocious animals and are able to follow their dams soon after birth. They stay close by their dams and travel with the herd from an early age and are therefore classified as “followers”, in contrast to the species which have a period of hiding after birth. Dams recognise their foals immediately after birth, whereas it takes 2 or 3 days for a foal to form an attachment to its dam. Being in close proximity to their dams, foals are able to nurse frequently and, unless artificially weaned, a foal will nurse until its dam foals again. Foals start to graze during their first week and as they grow older they spend more time grazing and less time nursing and resting. It is normal for foals to be corprophagic until one month old, and this provides them with bacteria essential for the digestion of fibre. Play behaviour is solitary in very young foals, but after 4 weeks of age, foals play together, with male foals playing more than females and showing more aggressive, fighting movements in play. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2253 |
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Dellert, B.; Ganslosser, U. |
| Title |
Experimental alterations of food distribution in two species of captive equids (Equus burchelli and E. hemionus kulan) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Ethology Ecology & Evolution (EEE) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethol Ecol Evol |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
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1-17 |
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n one group each of Plains zebra (six mares, one foal, one subadult) and Asiatic wild asses (seven mares, two foals) at Nuremberg Zoo, food distribution was experimentally changed from clumped (all food in one standard hay rack) to dispersed (one heap per animal). Both groups were characterized by different social structures, which basically remained during the experiment. Plains zebras had an individually structured system of social relationships in a dominance order, wild asses a more egalitarian system without clear-cut rank differences and low frequencies of agonistic interactions. Access to food accordingly was individually (but consistently) different for zebra mares, almost equal for wild ass mares. During the dispersed feeding situation frequencies of agonistic interactions in both species decreased (however non-significantly), individual distances increased but mares also frequently ''visited'' each others' heaps. Feeding time increased for all wild ass mares. Some individuals (in both groups) behaved ''against the trend'' in agonistic behaviour. The results are discussed with regard to food distribution for ungulates in general, and equid social systems. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2292 |
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Podos, J. |
| Title |
Early perspectives on the evolution of behavior: Charles Otis Whitman and Oskar Heinroth |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1964 |
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Ethology Ecology & Evolution (EEE) |
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Ethol Ecol Evol |
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6 |
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4 |
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467-480 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2293 |
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Sakura O; Matsuzawa T |
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Flexibility of wild chimpanzees nut-cracking behavior using stone hammers and anvils: an experimental analysis |
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1991 |
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Ethology |
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Ethology |
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87 |
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237 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3038 |
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Hampton, R.R. |
| Title |
Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Ethology |
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Ethology |
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107 |
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1055-1056 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3487 |
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Rendall, D. |
| Title |
Review of Machiavellian Intelligence II: Extensions and Evaluations |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Ethology |
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Ethology |
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105 |
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2 |
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178-182 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3998 |
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Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. |
| Title |
Why does culture increase human adaptability? |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Ethology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethol. a. Sociob. |
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16 |
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2 |
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125-143 |
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Social learning; Adaptation; Culture; Sociobiology |
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It is often argued that culture is adaptive because it allows people to acquire useful information without costly learning. In a recent paper Rogers (1989) analyzed a simple mathematical model that showed that this argument is wrong. Here we show that Rogers' result is robust. As long as the only benefit of social learning is that imitators avoid learning costs, social learning does not increase average fitness. However, we also show that social learning can be adaptive if it makes individual learning more accurate or less costly. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4196 |
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