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Hanggi, E.B.; Ingersoll, J.F. |
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Title |
Lateral vision in horses: A behavioral investigation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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91 |
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1 |
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70-76 |
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Keywords |
Lateral vision; Horse; Equine; Stimulus discrimination; Field of view; Peripheral |
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This study investigated lateral vision in horses (Equus caballus) for the first time from a behavioral point of view. Three horses were tested using a novel experimental design to determine the range of their lateral and caudolateral vision with respect to stimulus detection and discrimination. Real-life stimuli were presented along a curvilinear wall in one of four different positions (A, B, C, D) and one of two height locations (Top, Bottom) on both sides of the horse. To test for stimulus detection, the correct stimulus was paired against a control; for stimulus discrimination, the correct stimulus was paired against another object. To indicate that the correct stimulus was detected or discriminated, the horses pushed one of two paddles. All horses scored significantly above chance on stimulus detection trials regardless of stimulus position or location. They also accurately discriminated between stimuli when objects appeared in positions A, B, and C for the top or bottom locations; however, they failed to discriminate these stimuli at position D. This study supports physiological descriptions of the equine eye and provides new behavioral data showing that horses can detect the appearance of objects within an almost fully encompassing circle and are able to identify objects within most but not all of their panoramic field of view. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5621 |
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Schmidt, J.; Scheid, C.; Kotrschal, K.; Bugnyar, T.; Schloegl, C. |
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Title |
Gaze direction – A cue for hidden food in rooks (Corvus frugilegus)? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
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88 |
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2 |
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88-93 |
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Gaze; Object choice; Corvids; Effort; Rooks |
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Other individual's head- and eye-directions can be used as social cues indicating the presence of important events. Among birds, ravens and rooks have been shown to co-orient with conspecifics and with humans by following their gaze direction into distant space and behind visual screens. Both species use screens to cache food in private; also, it had been suggested that they may rely on gaze cues to detect hidden food. However, in an object-choice task, ravens failed to do so, and their competitive lifestyle may have prevented them from relying on these cues. Here we tested closely related and cooperative rooks. Food was hidden in one of two cups and the experimenter gazed at the baited cup. In a second experiment, we aimed to increase the birds’ motivation to choose correctly by increasing the investment needed to obtain the reward. To do so, the birds had to pull on a string to obtain the cup. Here, the birds as a group tended to rely on gaze cues. In addition, individual birds quickly learned to use the cue in both experiments. Although rooks may not use gaze cues to find hidden food spontaneously, they may quickly learn to do so. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5420 |
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Zucca, P.; Cerri, F.; Carluccio, A.; Baciadonna, L. |
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Title |
Space availability influence laterality in donkeys (Equus asinus) |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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In Press, Uncorrected Proof |
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Cerebral lateralization; Donkey; Footedness; Welfare; Equus asinus |
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Cerebral lateralization is the portioning of the cognitive functions between the two cerebral hemispheres. Several factors, like embryological manipulations, light exposure, health conditions, sex and age can influence the left-right brain asymmetries and contribute to increasing the variability in the strength and direction of laterality within most species. We investigated the influence of an environmental constraint, namely space availability, as a new source of variation on laterality in an adult vertebrate model, the donkey. In a baseline condition we tested whether donkeys show a motor lateralization bias at population level, while in an experimental condition we manipulated space availability to verify if a reduction in this parameter could represent a new source of variation in laterality. Results show that donkeys are lateralized at population level with a strong bias to standing with the right forelimb advanced over the left and that a reduction of space availability is an important source of variation in the laterality strength and direction within this species. The comparative analysis of the environmental and developmental factors that give origin to neural and behavioural laterality in animal models will be very important for a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of such multifaceted phenomenon. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5400 |
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Slater, C.; Dymond, S. |
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Title |
Using differential reinforcement to improve equine welfare: Shaping appropriate truck loading and feet handling |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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86 |
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3 |
Pages |
329-339 |
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Keywords |
Positive reinforcement; Differential reinforcement; Shaping; Autoshaping; sign tracking; Common handling; Multiple baseline; Changing criterion; Horses |
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Inappropriate behavior during common handling procedures with horses is often subject to aversive treatment. The present study replicated and extended previous findings using differential reinforcement to shape appropriate equine handling behavior. In Study 1, a multiple baseline across subjects design was used with four horses to determine first the effects of shaping target-touch responses and then successive approximations of full truck loading under continuous and intermittent schedules of reinforcement. Full loading responses were shaped and maintained in all four horses and occurrences of inappropriate behaviors reduced to zero. Generalization of the loading response was also observed to both a novel trainer and trailer. In Study 2, a changing criterion design was used to increase the duration of feet handling with one horse. The horse's responding reached the terminal duration criterion of 1 min and showed consistent generalization and one-week maintenance. Overall, the results of both studies support the use of applied equine training systems based on positive reinforcement for increasing appropriate behavior during common handling procedures. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5323 |
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Author |
Cozzi, A.; Sighieri, C.; Gazzano, A.; Nicol, C.J.; Baragli, P. |
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Title |
Post-conflict friendly reunion in a permanent group of horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
85 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
185-190 |
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Keywords |
aggression; affiliative interactions; conflict resolution; horse; post conflict; behaviour; reconciliation |
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Gregarious animals living in permanent social groups experience intra-group competition. Conflicts over resources can escalate into costly aggression and, in some conditions, non-dispersive forms of conflict resolution may be favoured. Post-conflict friendly reunions, hence reconciliation, have been described in a variety of species. The aim of this study was to explore, for the first time, the occurrence of reconciliation in a group of domestic horses (Equus caballus) and learn more about strategies used to maintain group cohesion. The behaviour of seven horses living as permanent group in an enclosure for at least 2 years was observed by video for 108 h from June to August 2007. We used a Post-Conflict/Matched Control method to assess the existence of reconciliation and third-party affiliation. Behaviours recorded Post-Conflict, or during Matched Control periods, were classified as affiliative based on previous descriptions of visual communication patterns in horses. The proportion of attracted pairs over total post-conflict situations was significantly greater than the proportion of dispersed pairs, both during dyadic interactions (p < 0.001) and during triadic interactions (p = 0.002). The results of the present study show that both dyadic reconciliation and third-party post-conflict affiliative interactions form important social mechanisms for managing post-conflict situations in horses. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5168 |
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Author |
Petit, O.; Bon, R. |
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Title |
Decision-making processes: The case of collective movements |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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Volume |
84 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
635-647 |
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Consensus; Inter-individual relationships; Leadership; Self-organization; Social status |
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Besides focusing on the adaptive significance of collective movements, it is crucial to study the mechanisms and dynamics of decision-making processes at the individual level underlying the higher-scale collective movements. It is now commonly admitted that collective decisions emerge from interactions between individuals, but how individual decisions are taken, i.e. how far they are modulated by the behaviour of other group members, is an under-investigated question. Classically, collective movements are viewed as the outcome of one individual's initiation (the leader) for departure, by which all or some of the other group members abide. Individuals assuming leadership have often been considered to hold a specific social status. This hierarchical or centralized control model has been challenged by recent theoretical and experimental findings, suggesting that leadership can be more distributed. Moreover, self-organized processes can account for collective movements in many different species, even in those that are characterized by high cognitive complexity. In this review, we point out that decision-making for moving collectively can be reached by a combination of different rules, i.e. individualized (based on inter-individual differences in physiology, energetic state, social status, etc.) and self-organized (based on simple response) ones for any species, context and group size. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5217 |
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Author |
Conradt, L.; Roper, T.J. |
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Title |
Deciding group movements: Where and when to go |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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84 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
675-677 |
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activity synchronisation; aggregation rules; collective decisions; democracy; group decisions; sexual segregation; decision sharing; social choice theory |
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A group of animals can only move cohesively, if group members “somehow” reach a consensus about the timing (e.g., start) and the spatial direction/destination of the collective movement. Timing and spatial decisions usually differ with respect to the continuity of their cost/benefit distribution in such a way that, in principle, compromises are much more feasible in timing decision (e.g. median preferred time) than they are in spatial decisions. The consequence is that consensus costs connected to collective timing decisions are usually less skewed amongst group members than are consensus costs connected to spatial decisions. This, in turn, influences the evolution of decision sharing: sharing in timing decisions is most likely to evolve when conflicts are high relative to group cohesion benefits, while sharing in spatial decisions is most likely to evolve in the opposite situation. We discuss the implications of these differences for the study of collective movement decisions. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5086 |
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Author |
Rands, S.A. |
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Title |
Group-movement [`]initiation' and state-dependent decision-making |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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84 |
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3 |
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668-670 |
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Decision-making; State-dependence; Dynamic programming; Co-operation |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5087 |
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Author |
Pillot, M.-H.; Deneubourg, J.-L. |
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Title |
Collective movements, initiation and stops: Diversity of situations and law of parsimony |
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2010 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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Behav. Process. |
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84 |
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3 |
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657-661 |
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Collective movement; Decision-making; Sheep |
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The environment of animals is often heterogeneous, containing zones that may be dedicated specifically to resting, drinking or feeding. These functional zones may spread over a more or a less extensive area. Thus, mobile animals may have to move from one patch to another when resources are locally depleted or when they need to change activity. The mechanisms involved in collective movement appear simple at first glance, but a brief reflection shows the real difficulty of the problem in terms of the numerous environmental, physical, physiological and social parameters involved. This review is mainly concerned with collective movements, which are characterised by a directional and temporal coordination, where individuals mutually influence each other, meaning this coordination mainly depends on social interactions ([Huth and Wissel, 1992], [Warburton and Lazarus, 1991], [Couzin and Krause, 2003] and [Couzin et al., 2002]). In literature, two types of movement are discussed: large-scale movement and small-scale movement. First, we define these types of movement and then discuss the behavioural mechanisms involved. Secondly, we show that short and long movement but also moving and stopping may result from the outcome of parameters modulation underpinning collective decision-making. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5088 |
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Kotrschal, K.; Schöberl, I.; Bauer, B.; Thibeaut, A.-M.; Wedl, M. |
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Dyadic relationships and operational performance of male and female owners and their male dogs |
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2009 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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Behav. Process. |
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81 |
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3 |
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383-391 |
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Dyadic interactions; Human-animal companions; Human-animal relationships; Human-dog dyads; Personality; Social stress |
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In the paper we investigate how owner personality, attitude and gender influence dog behavior, dyadic practical functionality and the level of dog salivary cortisol. In three meetings, 12 female and 10 male owners of male dogs answered questionnaires including the Neo-FFI human personality inventory. Their dyadic behavior was video-taped in a number of test situations, and saliva samples were collected. Owners who scored highly in neuroticism (Neo-FFI dimension one) viewed their dogs as social supporters and spent much time with them. Their dogs had low baseline cortisol levels, but such dyads were less successful in the operational task. Owners who scored highly in extroversion (Neo-FFI dimension two) appreciated shared activities with their dogs which had relatively high baseline cortisol values. Dogs that had female owners were less sociable-active (dog personality axis 1) than dogs that had male owners. Therefore, it appears that owner gender and personality influences dyadic interaction style, dog behavior and dyadic practical functionality. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4947 |
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