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Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database

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Author Poling, A.; Temple, W.; Foster, T.M. url  openurl
  Title The differential outcomes effect: A demonstration in domestic chickens responding under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 36 Issue 2 Pages 109-115  
  Keywords Domestic hen; Titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure; Differential outcomes effect; Conditional discrimination; Animal welfare  
  Abstract The differential outcomes effect refers to the increase in speed of acquisition or terminal accuracy that occurs in discrimination training when each of two or more discriminative stimuli is correlated with a different outcome (e.g. type of reinforcer). The present study demonstrated this effect in domestic hens exposed to a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure, under which correct responses increased (and incorrect responses decreased) the delay between the offset of a sample stimulus and the onset of two comparison stimuli. Colors of key illumination (red, green) were used as sample and comparison stimuli and correct responses resulted in 1- or 4-s food deliveries. When 1-s food deliveries consistently followed correct responses to one key color and 4-s food deliveries followed correct responses to the other key color, the maximum delay reached by the hens and their overall accuracy was significantly higher than when 1- and 4-s food deliveries were randomly arranged following correct responses to both key colors. These data constitute the first demonstration of the differential outcomes effect in chickens, and in any species evaluated under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3604  
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Author Foster, T.M.; Temple, W.; Cameron, B.; Poling, A. url  openurl
  Title Demand curves for food in hens: Similarity under fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 39 Issue 2 Pages 177-185  
  Keywords Progressive-ratio schedule; Fixed-ratio schedule; Demand curves; Behavioral economics; Animal welfare; Keypecking; Chickens  
  Abstract Demand curves were generated for five domestic hens under progressive-ratio 5 schedules of food delivery and under fixed-ratio schedules of food delivery that began at fixed-ratio 5 and were incremented by 5 each session. All sessions ended after 10 consecutive minutes without a response. Although response rates at a given ratio were higher under the progressive-ratio schedule, all hens completed higher ratios under the fixed-ratio schedule. Similar, but not identical, demand curves were generated under progressive-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Under both schedules, consumption (reinforcers earned) decreased as cost (ratio size) increased. Data generally were well described by an equation in which elasticity of demand is constant, although an equation in which elasticity could vary accounted for slightly more of the variance.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3603  
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Author Foster, T.M.; Matthews, L.R.; Temple, W.; Poling, A. url  openurl
  Title Concurrent schedule performance in domestic goats: persistent undermatching Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 231-237  
  Keywords Matching equation; Undermatching; Variable-interval schedule; Nose-press response; Goats  
  Abstract Performance of nine domestic goats responding under concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food delivery was examined, with results analyzed in terms of the generalized matching equation. Substantial undermatching of response and time allocation ratios to obtained reinforcement ratios was evident. Post-reinforcement pause time ratios approximately matched obtained reinforcement ratios. Subtracting these times from total time allocation values yielded net time allocation ratios, which undermatched obtained reinforcement ratios to a greater degree than whole-session time allocation ratios. Slopes of regression lines relating behavioral outputs to environmental inputs characteristically were below 0.6, which is similar to previous findings in dairy cows tested under comparable conditions.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3602  
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Author Byrne, T.; Sutphin, G.; Poling, A. url  openurl
  Title Acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of responding with delayed and immediate reinforcement Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 97-101  
  Keywords Acquisition; Delayed reinforcement; Extinction; Rats  
  Abstract The present study investigated acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of free-operant responding when rats' lever presses produced water after a resetting delay of 0, 10, 20, or 30 s. Results indicated that: (1) responding was acquired rapidly at all delays without shaping or autoshaping; (2) resistance to extinction was directly related to delay length and inversely related to intermittency of reinforcement; (3) responding acquired with delayed reinforcement recovered less rapidly from extinction, and was less efficient, than responding acquired with immediate reinforcement. Comparing these results with those of studies using discrete-trials and free-operant procedures with no reinforcement delay suggest that the specific conditions under which behavior is maintained determines, in part, the behavioral effects of delay and intermittency of reinforcement.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3601  
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Author Snycerski, S.; Laraway, S.; Poling, A. url  openurl
  Title Response acquisition with immediate and delayed conditioned reinforcement Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 1-11  
  Keywords Response acquisition; Conditioned reinforcement; Delayed reinforcement; Secondary reinforcement; Rats  
  Abstract Groups comprising eight rats initially were exposed to response-independent water deliveries, then to conditions under which a lever-press response raised an empty dipper immediately or after a resetting delay of 15, 30, or 45 s. When their performance was compared to that of control animals using a 90% confidence level, six rats in the immediate-reinforcement group met the primary criterion for response acquisition during a single 6-h session; 4, 4, and 3 did so in the 15, 30, and 45 s delay groups, respectively. Similar evidence of acquisition was obtained when a 95% confidence level was used. With a 99% confidence level, however, evidence of acquisition was not compelling. Although these data appear to provide the first demonstration of response acquisition in the absence of handshaping or autoshaping under conditions where the putative reinforcer is both conditioned and delayed, they also demonstrate that whether response acquisition occurs depends, in part, on how it is defined.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3600  
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Author Le Scolan, N.; Hausberger, M.; Wolff, A. url  doi
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  Title Stability over situations in temperamental traits of horses as revealed by experimental and scoring approaches Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 41 Issue 3 Pages 257-266  
  Keywords Behavioural tests; Horse; Ratings; Temperament  
  Abstract Individual behavioural reactions of adult horses in a variety of experimental tests were compared with ratings by riding teachers. The tests were made in a non working situation, with the animals being released in an arena, a box (arena test, new object test, learning tests) or handled (new object/handling situation). The traits rated by teachers were fearfulness, nervousness, gregariousness and learning abilities at work (ridden or handled). Despite a great homogeneity in the reactions exhibited by the horses in the different situations, large individual differences were present. Correlations appeared between the reactivity in the arena test and the score of gregariousness, between the reactivity in the novel object test and the rating of nervousness when ridden, between the results in the handling test and the rating of general fearfulness and between the ability to memorise an instrumental task and the score of general learning ability. Such results strengthen the idea that there are underlying behavioural dispositions that are stable across situations and that the experimental tests may be good predictors of the temperament in untrained animals.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3591  
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Author Lejeune, H.; Macar, F.; Zakay, D. url  openurl
  Title Attention and timing: dual-task performance in pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 45 Issue 1-3 Pages 141-157  
  Keywords Timing; Dual task; Attention; Pigeons  
  Abstract Pigeons were exposed to an analog of a `dual-task' procedure used to test attentional models of timing in humans. After separate training on an auditory duration discrimination and on a variable ratio (VR) schedule, VR episodes lasting for 5 s were superimposed on the stimuli to be timed, either early (E) or late (L) during the trial. Trials with VR yielded underestimation of the target durations (increased % of `short' choices), relative to trials without VR, and this effect was stronger under the L than under the E condition. Data were similar to those collected with humans and support attentional models of timing according to which the simultaneous non-timing task uses processing resources which are diverted from the timing mechanisms.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3582  
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Author Gärdenfors P. doi  openurl
  Title Cued and detached representations in animal cognition Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 35 Issue Pages 263-273  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3454  
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Author Mercado E.; Killebrew D.A.; Pack A.A.; Macha I.V.B.; Herman L.M. doi  openurl
  Title Generalization of 'same-different' classification abilities in bottlenosed dolphins Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 50 Issue Pages 79-94  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3479  
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Author Sutton J.E.; Roberts W.A. doi  openurl
  Title Do pigeons show incidental timing? Some experiments and a suggested hierarchical framework for the study of attention in animal cognition Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 44 Issue Pages 263-275  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3463  
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