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Author Feh, C.
Title Relationships and Communication in Socially Natural Horse Herds Type Book Chapter
Year 2005 Publication The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour Abbreviated Journal The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour
Volume (up) Issue Pages
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Abstract Horses are quite unique. In most mammals, sexes segregate and maintain bonds only during the breeding season (Clutton-Brock, 1989). Some canids, a few rodents and primate species such as gorillas, hamadryas baboons and red howler monkeys are the exception, where the same males stay with the same females all year round and over many breeding seasons. Typically, both sexes disperse at puberty in these species. In horses, it was clearly shown that the causes for female dispersal were incest avoidance and not intra-specific competition (Monard, 1996). As a rule, this is confirmed for mammal species where tenure length by males exceeds the age at first reproduction in females (Clutton-Brock, 1989). When horses are allowed to choose their mating partner freely, the inbreeding coefficient of the offspring is lower than expected should they mate randomly (Duncan et al, 1984).
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Publisher Cambridge University Press 2005 Place of Publication Cambridge Editor Mills, D. S. ; McDonnell, , S. M.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 13 978-0-521-81414-6 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.092 Serial 472
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Author Nathan J. Emery
Title The Evolution of Social Cognition Type Book Chapter
Year 2005 Publication The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social BehaviourGarten Abbreviated Journal
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Abstract Although this bookis focusedon the cognitive neuroscience ofhuman social behaviour, an

understandingofsocial cognition in non-human animals is critical for unravellingthe neural basis of

social cognition in humans as well as the selective pressures that have shapedthe evolution ofcomplex

social cognition. Thanks to methodological limitations, we know little about the relationships between

certain biochemical andelectrophysiological properties ofthe human brain andhow theycompute the

behaviour andmental states ofother individuals. Traditional techniques for examiningneural function

in humans, such as event-relatedpotentials (ERP),positron emission tomography(PET),and

functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),are constrainedbythe fact that subjects are placed

either into an immoveable scanner with a lot ofbackgroundnoise or wiredup with dozens of

electrodes that are sensitive to slight movements. The possibilityofscanningor recordingbrain waves

from two individuals that are physicallyinteractingsociallyis technicallyimpossible at present

(however, see Montague et al, 2002 for a new methodfor simultaneouslyscanningtwo individuals

interactingvia a computer).

The onlywayto understandthe neurocognitive architecture ofhuman social behaviour is to examine

similar social processes in both human andnon-human animal minds andmake comparisons at the

species level. An additional argument is that traditional human socio-cognitive tasks are dependent on

the use ofstories, cartoons andverbal cues andinstructions (Heberlein & Adolphs, this volume)which

themselves will elicit specific neural responses that have to be eliminatedfrom neural responses

specificallyrelatedto mindreading. Therefore, the development ofnon-verbal tasks wouldprovide a

breakthrough for studies in non-linguistic animals, pre-verbal human infants andhuman cognitive

neuroimaging.
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Publisher Psychology Press Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 543
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Author Pusey, A. E.; Packer, C.
Title The Ecology of relationships Type Book Chapter
Year 2003 Publication Behavioural Ecology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol.
Volume (up) Issue Pages 254 -283
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Publisher Blackwell Scientific Publication Place of Publication Oxford Editor Krebs, J.R.; Davis, N.B.;
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 820
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Author HAFEZ, E.S.E.; WILLIAMS, M.; WIERZBOWSKI, S.
Title The Behaviour of Horses. Type Book Whole
Year 1962 Publication In: Hafez. ESE: The Behaviour of Domestic Animals London Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages 370-396
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number Serial 1156
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Author Merkies, K.; McKechnie, M.J.; Zakrajsek, E.
Title Behavioural and physiological responses of therapy horses to mentally traumatized humans Type Journal Article
Year 2018 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages
Keywords Equine-assisted therapy; Ptsd; Horse; Behaviour; Cortisol; Heart rate
Abstract The benefits to humans of equine-assisted therapy (EAT) have been well-researched, however few studies have analyzed the effects on the horse. Understanding how differing mental states of humans affect the behaviour and response of the horse can assist in providing optimal outcomes for both horse and human. Four humans clinically diagnosed and under care of a psychotherapist for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were matched physically to four neurotypical control humans and individually subjected to each of 17 therapy horses loose in a round pen. A professional acting coach instructed the control humans in replicating the physical movements of their paired PTSD individual. Both horses and humans were equipped with a heart rate (HR) monitor recording HR every 5secs. Saliva samples were collected from each horse 30 min before and 30 min after each trial to analyze cortisol concentrations. Each trial consisted of 5 min of baseline observation of the horse alone in the round pen after which the human entered the round pen for 2 min, followed by an additional 5 min of the horse alone. Behavioural observations indicative of stress in the horse (gait, head height, ear orientation, body orientation, distance from the human, latency of approach to the human, vocalizations, and chewing) were retrospectively collected from video recordings of each trial and analyzed using a repeated measures GLIMMIX with Tukey's multiple comparisons for differences between treatments and time periods. Horses moved slower (p < 0.0001), carried their head lower (p < 0.0001), vocalized less (p < 0.0001), and chewed less (p < 0.0001) when any human was present with them in the round pen. Horse HR increased in the presence of the PTSD humans, even after the PTSD human left the pen (p < 0.0001). Since two of the PTSD/control human pairs were experienced with horses and two were not, a post-hoc analysis showed that horses approached quicker (p < 0.016) and stood closer (p < 0.0082) to humans who were experienced with horses. Horse HR was lower when with inexperienced humans (p < 0.0001) whereas inexperienced human HR was higher (p < 0.0001). Horse salivary cortisol did not differ between exposure to PTSD and control humans (p > 0.32). Overall, behavioural and physiological responses of horses to humans are more pronounced based on human experience with horses than whether the human is diagnosed with a mental disorder. This may be a reflection of a directness of movement associated with humans who are experienced with horses that makes the horse more attentive. It appears that horses respond more to physical cues from the human rather than emotional cues. This knowledge is important in tailoring therapy programs and justifying horse responses when interacting with a patient in a therapy setting.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0168-1591 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6385
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Author Giraldeau, Luc-Alain
Title The ecology of information use Type Book Chapter
Year 1997 Publication Behavioural ecology : an evolutionary approach Abbreviated Journal
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Publisher Blackwell Science Place of Publication Cambridge, Mass. Editor Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 0865427313 9780865427310 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ 35114973 Serial 4277
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Author unknown
Title Personality and Personality Disorders Type Book Chapter
Year 1997 Publication Behavioural Genetics Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages 195-207
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Publisher W. H. Freeman and Company Place of Publication New York Editor Plomin, R.; DeFries, J.C.; McClearn, G.E.;Rutter, M.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition 3
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4283
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Author Lieberman, D.
Title Type Book Whole
Year 1993 Publication Learning, Behaviour and Cognition, 2nd Ed. Abbreviated Journal
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 8; Export Date: 21 October 2008 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4525
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Author Mills, D.S.; Nankervis, K.J.
Title Type Book Whole
Year 1999 Publication Equine Behaviour: Principles and Practice Abbreviated Journal
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Notes Cited By (since 1996): 26; Export Date: 21 October 2008 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4533
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Author Hausberger, M.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.
Title Individual differences in the domestic horse, origins, development and stability Type Book Chapter
Year 2005 Publication The domestic horse : the origins, development, and management of its behaviour Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) Issue Pages 33-52
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Publisher Cambridge University Press 2005 Place of Publication Cambridge Editor Mills, D.S.; McDonnell,
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN 13 978-0-521-81414-6 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Feh2005 Serial 4819
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