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| Author |
Waran, N.K.; Clarke, N.; Farnworth, M. |
| Title |
The effects of weaning on the domestic horse (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
110 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
42-57 |
| Keywords |
Behaviour; Foal; Horse; Stress; Weaning; Welfare |
| Abstract |
For free-living or feral horses weaning takes place naturally at around 8-9 months [Gill, E.L., 1988. Factors affecting body condition of New Forest Ponies. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Biology, University of Southampton]. Some mares will continue to suckle their foal until shortly before the arrival of their next foal, gestation being approximately 342 days depending upon the breed of the horse [Ropiha, R.T., Mathews, G., Butterfield, R.M., 1969. The duration of pregnancy in Thoroughbred mares. Vet. Rec. 84, 552-555]. Under domestic conditions, weaning tends to take place earlier, typically between 4 and 6 months of age. The weaning process has been identified as associated with potential psychological, physical and nutritional stressors that are of welfare concern. Following a review of the literature it is evident that there is a need for detailed research into what should constitute best practice with respect to foal and mare welfare. In addition, there is a need to understand the potential long-term impact of weaning on, for example, trainability and later maternal behaviour, and whether the stresses associated with early weaning have detrimental effects on the performance horse. There is also a lack of clear information concerning the most frequently observed weaning practices and the reasons why certain weaning methods are chosen. Some variables should be closely managed during weaning in order to minimise stress responses. These include: early creep feeding to familiarise the young animal with the food it will be exposed to during weaning, feeding a high fibre diet and keeping the animal in extensive conditions using a gradual approach to weaning. However, we conclude that there may not be one best method for weaning, since the chosen method must take into account a number of factors including: available resources, the housing environment, the individual foal's stage of development, the strength of the mare-foal attachment, the foal's ability to cope with changes in social conditions and the ability of the horse owner to implement the chosen method. We do however suggest that the fewest stress responses appear to occur where foals are weaned gradually and allowed to have social contact either with other foals or with older horses. |
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4348 |
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Lansade, L.; Bouissou, M.-F.; Erhard, H.W. |
| Title |
Reactivity to isolation and association with conspecifics: A temperament trait stable across time and situations |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
106 |
Issue |
2-4 |
Pages |
355-373 |
| Keywords |
Horse; Equus caballus; Temperament; Trait; Isolation; Conspecific association; Stability |
| Abstract |
A temperament trait is generally defined as individual differences in behaviour that are present early in life and relatively stable across situations and over time. The aim of this study was to test the existence of a trait <<gregariousness>> in horses, by testing the stability across situations and over time of the responses to different social events. Sixty-six Welsh ponies and 44 Anglo-Arab horses were successively tested at 8 months and 1.5 years of age. Among them, 33 ponies and 21 horses were also tested at 2.5 years of age. They were submitted to four test situations: isolation and separation from, attraction towards and passing conspecifics. We carried out the analysis using each of four test groups as a unit (e.g. 33 Welsh ponies born in 2001, tested in isolation). Isolation and separation stood out as tests that showed a high consistency within test, across tests and across time. The most interesting behavioural parameter was the frequency of neighing, which was well correlated with other parameters measured in the same tests, such as defecation, locomotion and vigilance, as well as across the 3 years (e.g. for separation test: 0.41 < R < 0.61). Therefore, the behaviour of neighing observed in separation or isolation tests as early as 8 months of age appears to be a good indicator of similar behaviour in similar situations later in life, but also of other behaviours which can render the horse difficult to use. No parameter recorded during the attraction test presented stability across situations and time: the reactions to this test were not the expression of a stable characteristic of the individual and did not reflect the same characteristic as the three other tests. Of the different parameters recorded during the passing conspecifics test, the time to cross the arrival line near conspecifics showed good stability across years (0.35 < R < 0.68). This parameter was also correlated with many others recorded during the same test, and also, to a certain extent, to the frequency of neighing in the isolation and separation tests. This stability across responses expressed in various social contexts, and this stability over time, from 8 months to 2.5 years of age suggest the existence of a trait of gregariousness in the horse. From a practical point of view, that means it is possible to estimate the level of gregariousness of a horse as early as 8 months of age. Furthermore, additional analysis shows that gregariousness decreases with age. |
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4350 |
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| Author |
Daniels, T.J.; Bekoff, M. |
| Title |
Feralization: The making of wild domestic animals |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
1-3 |
Pages |
79-94 |
| Keywords |
feralization; domestication; feral dogs |
| Abstract |
The widely accepted viewpoint that feralization is the reverse of domestication requires that the feralization process be restricted to populations of animals and, therefore, cannot occur in individuals. An alternative, ontogenetic approach is presented in which feralization is defined as the process by which individual domestic animals either become desocialized from humans, or never become socialized, and thus behave as untamed, non-domestic animals. Feralization will vary among species and, intraspecifically, will depend upon an individual's age and history of socialization to humans. Because feralization is not equated with morphological change resulting from evolutionary processes, species formation is not an accurate indicator of feral condition. |
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Cited By (since 1996): 5; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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4580 |
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Mateo, J.M. |
| Title |
The nature and representation of individual recognition odours in Belding's ground squirrels |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
71 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
141-154 |
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In many taxonomic groups, odours provide cues to species identity, reproductive status, genetic relatedness and individual identity. These odour cues are often used to mark territories or other resources and to recognize individuals through direct or indirect olfactory investigation. Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi, frequently scent-mark their environment and they also investigate the scent glands of conspecifics, which suggests that odours play a modulating role in their social relationships. I conducted studies to determine what information is conveyed by various S. beldingi odours and whether this information is used by conspecifics for social recognition. Spermophilus beldingi produce a number of cues that are individually distinct, including odours from oral, dorsal, pedal and anal glands and from ears, but apparently not from urine, although it is unclear whether all of these odours are used for social recognition. This discrimination among odours of individuals does not require prior familiarity with the odour bearers. The volatile components of some odours are sufficient to permit individual discrimination, which may explain how animals appear to [`]recognize' each other from a short distance. Finally, S. beldingi incorporate multiple odours into their memories of conspecifics as perception of one odour of an individual generalizes to a second odour from it, suggesting a mental representation of familiar individuals. The production of multiple unique odours may facilitate accurate discrimination of conspecifics along several social dimensions, and some of these odours also vary with relatedness. Together, these results indicate a rich olfactory milieu mediating the social lives of S. beldingi. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4640 |
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Poisbleau, M.; Fritz, H.; Valeix, M.; Perroi, P.-Y.; Dalloyau, S.; Lambrechts, M.M. |
| Title |
Social dominance correlates and family status in wintering dark-bellied brent geese, Branta bernicla bernicla |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
71 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1351-1358 |
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In many gregarious species, including ducks and geese, being dominant provides more benefits than costs, because dominants have better access to resources essential for survival or reproduction. In geese, being in better body condition during migration towards the breeding grounds positively influences reproductive success. However, underlying proximate mechanisms linking prebreeding body condition on the wintering grounds to breeding success remain poorly understood. We investigated social dominance correlates and family status, in three consecutive winters, in a free-ranging, migrating, dark-bellied brent goose population. Families with juveniles dominated pairs, and pairs dominated singletons. Dominance rank did not increase with the number of juveniles per family. Males were dominant over females. Social dominance and reproductive status for a given winter were significantly correlated with body mass, body size and body condition during the previous winter, suggesting that body condition in winter also affects subsequent breeding success and hence also dominance. Levels of testosterone and triiodothyronine were not correlated with immediate or later dominance or reproductive status. We discuss the role of family status as a signal of social status in determining reproductive strategies. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4690 |
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Griffin, A.S. |
| Title |
Social learning in Indian mynahs, Acridotheres tristis: the role of distress calls |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
79-89 |
| Keywords |
Acridotheres tristis; distress vocalizations; head saccades; Indian mynah; predator avoidance learning; social learning |
| Abstract |
Socially acquired predator avoidance is a phenomenon in which individuals acquire an avoidance response towards an initially neutral stimulus after they have experienced it together with the antipredator signals of social companions. Earlier research has established that alarm calls used for intraspecific communication are effective stimuli for triggering acquisition. However, animals produce a large range of other antipredator responses that might engage antipredator learning. Here, I examine the effects of conspecific distress calls, a signal that is produced by birds when restrained by a predator, and that appears to be directed towards predators, rather than conspecifics, on predator avoidance learning in Indian mynahs, Acridotheres tristis. Distress calls reflect high levels of alarm in the caller and should, therefore, mediate robust learning. Experiment 1 revealed that subjects performed higher rates of head movements in response to a previously unfamiliar avian mount after it had been presented simultaneously with playbacks of conspecific distress vocalizations. Experiment 2 revealed that increased rates of head saccades resembled the spontaneous response evoked by a novel stimulus more closely than it resembled the response evoked by a perched raptor, suggesting that distress calls inculcated a visual exploratory response, rather than an antipredator response. While it is usually thought that the level of acquisition in learners follows a simple relationship with the level of alarm shown by demonstrators, the present results suggest that this relationship may be more complex. Antipredator signals with different functions may have differential effects on learners. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4696 |
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Boyd, L.E. |
| Title |
The behaviour of Przewalski's horses and its importance to their management |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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29 |
Issue |
1-4 |
Pages |
301-318 |
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Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) are believed to be extinct in the wild; the current known population of 797 animals exists wholly in zoos. The Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is proposing to reintroduce this endangered species into its former Mongogian habitat within the next decade. Knowledge of the behavior of harem-forming equids in general and of Przewalski's horses in particular, is of great importance to the captive propagation and eventual reintroduction of this species. Horses are rarely solitary by nature. Solitary captive animals are prone to pacing. Juvenile male feral horses (Equus caballus) form bachelor herds upon dispersal from their natal band. Zoos can set up bachelor herds as a way of managing surplus males. The older, more dominant feral horse bachelors are the first to acquire mares. Bachelors do not generally obtain females until they are 4 or 5 years of age. The first females acquired are usually 1- and 2-year-old fillies dispersing from their natal band. Because of the age differential, the stallions are generally dominant to their mares. Behavioral impotence may result if captive stallions are given a harem at too young an age, especially if the harem contains older, more dominant, females. Typical harem sizes in the wild are 3-5 mares. Captive stallions with too large a harem may become either apathetic or aggressive toward their mares. Wild horses spend 60-70% of their time foraging. Captive animals may quickly consume their limited amounts of food and develop vices out of boredom. Provision of hay ad libitum reduces the amount of pacing seen in captive animals, and virtually eliminates coprophagy. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2214 |
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McLean, I.G.; Schmitt, N.T.; Jarman, P.J.; Duncan, C.; Wynne, C.D.L. |
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Learning For Life: Training Marsupials To Recognise Introduced Predators |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
137 |
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10 |
Pages |
1361-1376 |
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Raising endangered species in captivity for reintroduction necessarily results in animals that lack appropriate skills for coping with problems to be faced in the wild, such as predators. Using classical conditioning techniques involving linking fear of a live dog with the image of a fox, we demonstrate an adjusted fear response for two wallaby species (rufous bettongs Aepyprymnus rufescens, quokkas Setonix brachyurus). No differences in response to the fox were found for wild-caught and captive-born bettongs, even though wild-caught subjects were likely to have encountered canids prior to capture. Attempts to condition a fear response by quokkas to an odour were unsuccessful. An attempt to induce fear of the stuffed fox by linking to fear of humans in quokkas was unsuccessful, but quokkas generalised from fear of the dog to fear of the fox, despite a delay of several weeks. Trained dogs offer a valuable and ethically acceptable mechanism for improving the ability of captive-reared (or sequestered) animals to recognise and cope with predators. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2282 |
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Houpt, K.A.; Fraser, A.F. |
| Title |
Przewalski horses |
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Journal Article |
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1988 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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21 |
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1-2 |
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1-3 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2302 |
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Klimov, V.V. |
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Spatial-ethological organization of the herd of Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in Askania-Nova |
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Journal Article |
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1988 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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21 |
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1-2 |
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99-115 |
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The ethological structure of the herd of Przewalski horses includes hierarchic ranks of horses which determine their social roles in the herd. Besides the age ranks, the wild horses are characterized by the formation of harem groups, a “leading” group of females, a group of bachelor stallions, family groups, etc. The ethological structure determines the spatial one, which is the form of distribution of horses over the territory, and its assimilation and transformation into a system of informative spatial units. Under the influence of “internal” and “external” stimuli, the intragoup regulatory mechanims (social adaptations) manifest themselves, which allow the herd to function in the complicated situation of the reserve and allow humans to control the herd by using these mechanisms. There are grounds to believe that, given the balanced ethological structure of these groups, wild horses could be successfully acclimatized into natural biotopes. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2330 |
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