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Author Powell, A.J.; Wolff, P.R.
Title Sex differences in mouse urination patterns Type Journal Article
Year 1982 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 30 Issue 4 Pages 1207-1211
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Abstract When tested in circular open fields male and female mice (Mus musculus) produced strongly centrifugal urination patterns, which showed a clear `edge-dependency' in all the field sizes used. However, striking sex differences in the pattern of deposition were shown in terms of both the number and distribution of the urine spots. Male mice produce large numbers of spots which are regularly dispersed, while females produce relatively fewer spots with a more clumped distribution. It is suggested that a hitherto unsuspected level of intersexual communication may explain these differences.
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Call Number (up) Serial 2145
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Author Powell, R.A.
Title The dog: Its domestication and behavior : By . New York: Garland STPM Press (1978). 296 pp. $24.50 Type Journal Article
Year 1979 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 27 Issue Part 1 Pages 318-1211
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Call Number (up) Serial 2146
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Author Powell, G.V.N.
Title Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in relation to predation and foraging Type Journal Article
Year 1974 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 501-505
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Abstract In groups of ten, indidual starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, spent significantly less time in surveillance than did individuals in smaller groups and responded more quickly than single birds to a flying model hawk. Captive starlings in flocks reduce their individual surveillance efforts, but their combined efforts still enable them to be more effective than single birds in the detection of predators. Foraging behaviour of flocks was observed by placing single starlings with groups of tricoloured blackbirds, Agelaius tricolor; the starlings reduced the time they devoted to surveillance at the same rate as if they were with other starlings.
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Call Number (up) Serial 2147
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Author Reader, S.M.; Laland, K.N.
Title Diffusion of foraging innovations in the guppy Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 175-180
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Abstract The way in which novel learned behaviour patterns spread through animal populations remains poorly understood, despite extensive field research and the recognition that such processes play an important role in the behavioural development, social interactions and evolution of many animal species. We conducted a series of controlled diffusions of foraging information in replicate experimental populations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. We presented novel foraging tasks over 15 trials to mixed-sex groups, made up of food-deprived and nonfood-deprived adults (experiment 1) or small, young fish and old, large adults (experiment 2). In these diffusions, knowledge of a route to a feeder could spread through the group by subjects learning from others, discovering the route for themselves, or, most likely, by some combination of these social and asocial learning processes. We found a striking sex difference, with novel foraging information spreading at a significantly faster rate through subgroups of females than of males. Females both discovered the goal and learned the route more quickly than males. Food-deprived individuals were faster at completing the tasks over the 15 trials than nonfood-deprived guppies, and there was a significant interaction between sex and size, with a sex difference in adults but not young individuals. There was also an interaction between sex and hunger level, with food deprivation having a stronger effect on male than female performance. We suggest that information may diffuse in a similar nonrandom or 'directed' manner through many natural populations of animals. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Address Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge
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ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10973718 Approved no
Call Number (up) Serial 2150
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Author Laland, K.N.; Reader, S.M.
Title Foraging innovation in the guppy Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 331-340
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Abstract When novel behaviour patterns spread through animal populations, typically one animal will initiate the diffusion. It is not known whether such 'innovators' are particularly creative individuals, individuals exposed to the appropriate environmental contingencies, or individuals in a particular motivational state. We describe three experiments that investigated the factors influencing foraging innovation in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. We exposed small laboratory populations of fish to novel foraging tasks, which involved exploration and problem solving to locate a novel food source. Experiments 1 and 2 found that (1) females were more likely to innovate than males, (2) food-deprived fish were more likely to innovate than nonfood-deprived subjects, and (3) smaller fish were more likely to innovate than larger fish. We suggest that the sex difference may reflect parental investment asymmetries in males and females. Experiment 3 found that past innovators were more likely to innovate than past noninnovators. Collectively, the results suggest that differences in foraging innovation in guppies are best accounted for by differences in motivational state, but, in addition, guppies may vary in their predisposition to innovate. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Address Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge
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ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:10049472 Approved no
Call Number (up) Serial 2151
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Author Richards, S.A.; de Roos, A.M.
Title When is habitat assessment an advantage when foraging? Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 61 Issue 6 Pages 1101-1112
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Abstract Foragers can often show a broad range of strategies when searching for resources. The simplest foraging strategy is to search randomly within a habitat; however, foragers can often assess habitat quality over various spatial scales and use this information to keep themselves in, or direct themselves to, regions of high resource abundance or low predation risk. We investigated models that describe a population of consumers competing for a renewable resource that is distributed among discrete patches. Our aim was to identify what foraging strategy or strategies are expected to persist within a population, where strategies differ in the degree of habitat assessment (i.e. none, local, or global). We were interested in how the optimal strategies are dependent on the cost of assessment and habitat structure (i.e. the variation in renewal rates and predation risks among patches). The models showed that the simple random foraging strategy (i.e. make no habitat assessments) often persisted even when the cost of habitat assessment was low. Persistence could occur when habitat assessment and population dynamics generated an ideal free distribution because it could be exploited by the random foragers. Habitat assessment was more advantageous when consumers could not achieve ideal free distributions, which was more likely as patches became less productive. When productivity was low we sometimes observed the situation where different foraging strategies generated resource heterogeneities that promoted their coexistence, and this could occur even when all patches were intrinsically identical.
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Call Number (up) Serial 2153
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Author Richards, S.M.
Title The concept of dominance and methods of assessment Type Journal Article
Year 1974 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 22 Issue Part 4 Pages 914-930
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Abstract The arrangement of a social group of individuals into a dominance hierarchy is useful in studies of social behaviour only if a wide variety of social interactions can then be predicted. However, definitions of dominance commonly used are numerous and confused. To assess the usefulness of the concept of dominance, studies were made on six breeding groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulata) to determine whether different measures of dominance agreed with each other. The measures tested in this study were found to agree. It is therefore suggested that dominance is a useful intervening variable. Possible reasons for the reported lack of correlation between some measures used by other authors are discussed.
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Call Number (up) Serial 2154
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Author Richards, M.P.M.
Title Maternal behaviour in virgin female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus waterhouse): the role of the age of the test pup Type Journal Article
Year 1966 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 14 Issue 2-3 Pages 303-309
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Abstract Summary One hundred and forty-four naive virgin female golden hamsters were each given a single 15 min test with three pups aged from day 1 (<24 hr) to day 18. A group of eight females was tested with each age of pup. Pups aged from day 1 to day 6 were generally attacked like prey, killed and eaten. Pups of intermediate age (day 6 to day 10) were usually initially attacked but this was often followed by maternal responses. The females', behaviour with the oldest pups suggested that they were being treated as strnge adult intruders. This result differs from that of a similar experiment with mice in which the youngest pups were found to be the most effective for eliciting materal responses. An explanation for this difference in terms of the evolutionary history of the golden hamster species is proposed.
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Call Number (up) Serial 2155
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Author Richards, M.P.M.
Title Maternal behaviour in the golden hamster: responsiveness to young in virgin, pregnant, and lactating females Type Journal Article
Year 1966 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 14 Issue 2-3 Pages 310-313
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Abstract Summary Three groups of eight female golden hamsters without prior breeding experience were presented with three newborn pups for a 15 min test period. Group V were virgin females, group P pregnant females and group L lactating females. Groups P and L were tested within 24 hr of parturition. Group V attacked and killed all pups presented. Group P showed maternal responses after initial attacks while group L accepted the pups. Groups P and L did not differ significantly on measures of maternal responsiveness but all three groups differed significantly from one another on measures of attacking behaviour and the eating of young.
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Call Number (up) Serial 2156
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Author Noirot, E.; Richards, M.P.M.
Title Maternal behaviour in virgin female golden hamsters: Changes consequent upon initial contact with pups Type Journal Article
Year 1966 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.
Volume 14 Issue 1 Pages 7-10
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Abstract Summary Initial contact with pups of a certain age causes changes in virgin female hamsters' behaviour with pups of another age. This was shown by comparing the behaviour with 5-day-old pups in groups of naive (control) animals and of animals given one previous contact either with 1, 5 or 9-day-old pups. Maternal responses were more intense in the animals previously presented with 1 or 9-day-old pups than in the control animals. Attacking was increased after initial contact with 1-day-old pups and decreased after initial contact with 9-day-old pups. Animals presented twice with the same pattern did not show marked changes in either of the two activities.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number (up) Serial 2157
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