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| Author |
Mal, M.E.; McCall ,C.A. |
| Title |
The influence of handling during different ages on a halter training test in foals |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume  |
5 |
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2 |
Pages |
115-120 |
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Ten foals were used to determine effects of handling during different ages on their ability to perform a halter training test. Early-handled (EH) foals (n = 5) were handled in 10 min sessions 5 d weekly from 24 h after birth until 42 d of age, then were not handled from 43 to 84 d of age. Later-handled (LH) foals (n = 5) were not handled from birth to 42 d of age, then were handled in 10-min sessions 5 d weekly from 43 to 84 d of age. At 85 d of age, each foal was subjected to a 10 min halter training test for 5 consecutive d. The test consisted of an unfamiliar handler placing a halter on each foal and attempting to make the foal walk forward for 20 m. Data recorded during each d of the halter training were duration of initial struggle, number of lunges into the air, time to first forward step, time to five consecutive forward steps, and time to travel 20 m. At the end of the 5 d halter training test, the handler assigned a subjective test rating score to each foal based on ease of training. Split-plot analysis indicated that EH foals took less time (P < 0.05) to take one step forward, five consecutive steps forward, and to travel 20 m than LH foals. One-way ANOVA indicated that EH foals had a lower (more desirable) test ratings than LH foals (P < 0.01). Results indicate that handling throughout the first 42 d of life increased foal performance on this halter training task compared to handling from 43 to 84 d of age. These results may imply the existence of a critical handling period during the first 42 d of age or a phenomenon similar to learned helplessness |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ http://www.ag.auburn.edu/ansc/ResPrograms/influ_age.html |
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3665 |
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Sato, S. |
| Title |
Social licking pattern and its relationships to social dominance and live weight gain in weaned calves |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
12 |
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1 |
Pages |
25-32 |
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Social licking patterns of heifer and steer herds were observed and recorded during periods of resting and intermittent feeding. The results revealed the following features: (1) heifers and steers had 15.0 and 15.2 social licking interactions per hour which lasted for 37.8 and 41.0 s on average, respectively. The average time an animal spent licking was about 25 s per hour; (2) all the animals in the herds were licked by others, but only 72.3% of the animals licked other animals; (3) the animals close in the social hierarchy tended to lick each other for a longer time than did remote animals; (4) the time receiving l licking and weight gain tended to be positively correlated. The observations suggest that (1) the motivation of giving licking may be individual-specific and may be influenced by genetic factors, while that of receiving licking appears to be general, and that (2) social licking may mean not only cleaning the skin and hair of a passive partner, but also leading it to psychological stability. |
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0168-1591 |
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doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(84)90093-5 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6407 |
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Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
| Title |
Nursing behaviour and maternal aggression among Welsh ponies (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Anim Behav Sci |
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14 |
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1 |
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11-25 |
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Nursing behaviour and related aggression of mare-foal pairs was studied from birth (n = 21) to 24 weeks of age (n = 15) of the foal. Foals exhibited a decreasing length and frequency of nursing as they grew older. Mares rarely aggressed against their foals during nursing in the foal's first 4 weeks of life, but did so increasingly through Weeks 13-16, after which the rate of aggression during nursing decreased. Mares terminated nursing primarily by moving away, and were most likely to do so during the foal's first 4 weeks of life. They became gradually less likely to do so as the foal grew older. It was concluded that mares sometimes flex their hind limb on the side opposite the foal during nursing in order to conserve energy in a situation in which they would be remaining still anyway. There was no difference between colts and fillies in the frequency or duration of nursing or in the frequency with which their mothers aggressed against them or terminated nursing. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6504 |
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Baker, A.E.M.; Crawford, B.H. |
| Title |
Observational learning in horses |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
7-13 |
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This experiment was designed to determine if a horse could learn the location of grain by watching another horse find grain in one of two feed buckets. Both experimental and control groups contained 9 quarter horses consisting of five 2-year-old mares, two 2-year-old geldings, and two 3-year-old geldings. Two mature geldings were used as “demonstrators”. An “experimental” was a horse that could watch three times daily another horse, the “demonstrator”, choose between and eat grain from a black or white bucket, only one of which contained grain. A “control” was a horse that could watch a demonstrator in the same arena for 3 min daily when both feed buckets were removed. When the demonstrator was removed on each of 15 successive days, the experimental or control horse was given five trials to determine if it could find the feed bucket with grain. No significant difference between experimentals and controls occurred for both first and total correct choices and for time to reach the feed bucket with grain. We conclude that no observational learning occurred. This experiment was also used to determine if the identity of horses that learned rapidly by trial and error could be predicted by the time it took to reach the feed bucket with grain. Data from the last three trials of experimentals and controls were combined. Significantly less time to find feed was needed by horses with more than the median number of correct choices. Both number of correct choices and time needed to contact a feed bucket summed over the first 5 days accurately predicted the same data summed over the last 10 days. We conclude that horses that learn rapidly by trial and error make correct choices rapidly, and that these horses can by identified after 5 days of testing. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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821 |
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Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carini, C.M. |
| Title |
Mutual grooming and nearest-neighbor relationships among foals of Equus caballus |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
113-123 |
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A 3-year study was carried out on the developmental behavior of foals from birth to 24 weeks of age and the behavior of mares living with foals. Mutual-grooming partners of foals were primarily other foals. The peak frequency of mutual grooming occurred during Weeks 9-12, when fillies mutual-groomed 1.6 times h-1 and colts mutual-groomed 0.9 times h-1. Fillies mutual-groomed more frequently than colts (P < 0.025). Fillies mutual-groomed randomly with colts and other fillies (P < 0.05), whereas colts mutual-groomed almost exclusively with fillies (P = 0.03). At all ages studied, if a foal's nearest neighbor was not its mother, it was more likely to be another foal than would be expected if the foal was associating randomly with non-mother ponies. Fillies were more likely than expected to have a filly rather than a colt as their nearest neighbor (P = 0.01). Thus, during their first few months of life, the foals studied exhibited patterns of behavior which were consistent with the development of the usual social milieu of unmanaged adults, in which several mares form a cohesive herd with one or more stallions associating with them. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2276 |
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Heird, J.C.; Whitaker, D.D.; Bell, R.W.; Ramsey, C.B.; Lokey, C.E. |
| Title |
The effects of handling at different ages on the subsequent learning ability of 2-year-old horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
15-25 |
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Forty weanling Quarter Horses, from the Pitchfork Ranch, Dickens, Texas, were randomly assigned to one of five groups based on the amount of handling they would receive. The five groups were: (1) limited handling; (2) 1 week of handling; (3) 2 weeks of handling; (4) 3 weeks of handling; (5) continuous handling for 18 months. As 2-year-olds, the horses were tested in a simple place-learning T-maze after being preconditioned. A maximum of 30 daily trials were conducted for 20 consecutive days, with feed location alternating between sides on successive days. If a horse met the criterion of 11 out of 12 correct responses with 8 correct responses being consecutive, it was retired without completing the 30 trials. Group 1 made fewer correct responses during the 20 days than any other group except Group 3. All groups achieved learning by Day 10, but the most-handled group reached a consistently higher percentage of correct responses earlier than the less-handled groups. Group 5, the group receiving the most handling, was the least emotional, as determined by the animals' reactivity to a novel stimulus, and received the highest scores for trainability after being ridden. Preconditioning trainability scores, or estimates of the horses' ability to learn prior to conditioning and testing, tended to predict maze-learning ability. These scores were also significantly correlated with post-maze training scores. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3590 |
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Keiper, R.R.; Sambraus, H.H. |
| Title |
The stability of equine dominance hierarchies and the effects of kinship, proximity and foaling status on hierarchy rank |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
121-130 |
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Dominance hierarchies were determined in four bands of feral horses living on Assateague Island. The bands varied in size from 10 to 16 horses, and consisted of one stallion, several mares and their offspring. The animals ranged in age from less than 1 to over 18 years. Field observation of all social interactions during the summer of 1981 was used to determine dominance. 1981 hierarchies for three of the bands were compared with hierarchies determined for the same bands in 1978, and showed that hierarchies change over time. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Mares with foals did not rank any higher in the hierarchies than mares without foals. Kinship did not appear to have an effect on dominance rank either, since neither juvenile nor adult offspring ranks correlated with the ranks of their mothers. The band stallion was not the highest-ranking animal of any band, but the location of the stallion peripheral to the main body of the band, the nature of his interactions with band members, and his length of residence in the band may have contributed to his low rank. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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683 |
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Heird, J.C.; Lokey, C.E.; Cogan, D.C. |
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Repeatability and comparison of two maze tests to measure learning ability in horses |
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Journal Article |
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1986 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
16 |
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2 |
Pages |
103-119 |
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Sixteen Quarter Horses were randomly divided into two groups after sorting by age and sex. After a 10-day preconditioning period, each animal was scored for emotionality and trainability. Each group then completed a series of learning tasks in a modified T-maze for 20 consecutive days. Group P/D was initially tested on a simple place-learning task, while Group D/P was trained in a visual discrimination task. The groups were tested alternately on the two tasks with 10-day extinction periods between each task. Upon reaching a criterion of 11 of 12 correct responses (the last 8 responses consecutive), a horse was retired for the day. If this criterion was not attained, the horse completed 20 trials. Learning occurred at a faster rate on the discrimination tasks compared to the gradual learning curves observed on place tasks. Animals learned more rapidly and reached higher levels of performance as the series of tasks progressed. Trainability and emotionality scores tended to predict the final level of learning achieved. Correlations of performance ranks within emotionality and training groups were higher between tasks of the same type than between the different tasks. Rank correlations between odd and even days on each task indicated that the within-group rankings were more consistent on the discrimination task than on the place task. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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838 |
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Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
| Title |
Self-grooming by mares and foals of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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1987 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
17 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
197-208 |
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Self-grooming behaviour of 15 mare-foal pairs was studied weekly for the first 24 weeks of the foal's life. Mares self-groomed at mean rates of 1.2-2.2 times h-1 depending on the 4-week period. Foals self-groomed more often, with a peak rate of 12.3 times h-1 occurring during Week 5-8 and a subsequent decline to 6.0 times h-1 by Weeks 21-24. Self-grooming bouts of mares and foals also differed in the proportion devoted to each type of self-grooming. During a greater proportion of their total self-grooming bouts, foals scratched their head and neck with a hind limb or bit and scratched the trunk or hind limbs with the teeth. The mares spent a greater proportion of their self-grooming bouts rubbing their head or neck on an inanimate object, another pony, or their fore limb, or rolling on the ground. Particular types of individual self-grooming bouts were engaged in for different lengths of time. Foals had longer bouts of scratching the head and neck with a hind limb, scratching or biting the fore limb or hind limb with the teeth, and rubbing the head and neck on an inanimate object, while mares had longer bouts of rolling. Some of the differences in preference for particular types of self-grooming may be the result of differences in relative size of various body parts and, consequently, relative ease of a given type of self-grooming. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2275 |
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Sherwin, C.M.; Johnson, K.G. |
| Title |
The influence of social factors on the use of shade by sheep |
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Journal Article |
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1987 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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18 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
143-155 |
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Individual differences in shading behaviour within a flock of sheep could be due to differences in thermoregulatory capabilities or to the influence of social factors. The possible influence of social factors on shade-use is examined in this paper. Two measures of dominance were made on 39 Merino wethers. These were based on the hierarchy determined by butting during feeding and on priority of access to limited feed. Leadership was also assessed while driving the sheep to a woolshed and as the sheep entered weighing scales. These behavioural traits were compared with leadership to shade and shade-use observed on 9 days during summer in a small pastureless enclosure containing natural shade. Maximum ambient temperature on these 9 days varied between 29.0 and 39.5[degree sign]C. All behavioural traits examined were significantly repeatable. The two dominance ranks were negatively correlated (P<0.05). The butting hierarchy was correlated with shading behaviour; those sheep that butted the larger proportion of the flock were seen to shade for longer periods of time (P=0.05). This relationship became more significant as environmental temperature increased. Significant (P<0.05) differences in the amount of time each sheep spent shading were evident throughout the flock, but in particular seven individuals shaded much less than others. Shade-use increased in hot weather and was slightly more strongly correlated with radiation load than with air temperature. The non-shading leadership ranks were related neither to each other nor to the leadership to shade. However, the sheep that moved to shade first remained there longest (P<0.05). Reduced motivation to feed did not appear to explain early movement to shade. Few overtly aggressive or other interactions between animals were seen to be associated with movements to or within shade. Nonetheless, the results indicate that social forces do exert some influence on shade-use. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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2037 |
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