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Author Klimov, V.V.
Title Spatial-ethological organization of the herd of Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in Askania-Nova Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 21 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 99-115
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Abstract The ethological structure of the herd of Przewalski horses includes hierarchic ranks of horses which determine their social roles in the herd. Besides the age ranks, the wild horses are characterized by the formation of harem groups, a “leading” group of females, a group of bachelor stallions, family groups, etc. The ethological structure determines the spatial one, which is the form of distribution of horses over the territory, and its assimilation and transformation into a system of informative spatial units. Under the influence of “internal” and “external” stimuli, the intragoup regulatory mechanims (social adaptations) manifest themselves, which allow the herd to function in the complicated situation of the reserve and allow humans to control the herd by using these mechanisms. There are grounds to believe that, given the balanced ethological structure of these groups, wild horses could be successfully acclimatized into natural biotopes.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2330
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Author Kolter, L.; Zimmermann, W.
Title Social behaviour of Przewalski horses (Equus p. przewalskii) in the Cologne Zoo and its consequences for management and housing Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 21 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 117-145
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Abstract Between 1977 and 1986, two actual rank changes and two unsuccessful attempts occurred among the mares of the Cologne herd. The stallion was at first a low-ranking individual, but attained a dominant position during the last 3 years. At this time he started to split his group and thus to affect attachment relationships among his mares. During his absence of half a year, new bonds resulted and disappeared again some months after his return. Foals were tolerated by the sire for a long time. His behaviour to young, sub-adult mares varied with the individual. Protection of sub-adult mares by adult mares against the stallion's attacks may occur. Young mares protect and guard strange foals from their very first day. Management steps to cope with social and feeding problems consisted of enlargement and adding complexity to the enclosure, the establishment of more feeding sites, building a stable and temporary removal of the stallion.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2332
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Author Ryder, O.A.; Massena, R.
Title A case of male infanticide in Equus przewalskii Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 21 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 187-190
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Abstract Following the introduction of a new stallion to a band of E. przewalskii mares two births, both of male foals, resulted in foal death due to injuries sustained in the first day of life. Neither foal was sired by the new herd stallion. The second foal death was the results of an observed attack on the newborn male and is described here. Subsequently births in the same enclosure and, in one instance, to the same mare whose previous foal was killed, were of foals sired by the new stallion and were uneventful, with 3 male foals surviving to date.
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes
Call Number Serial 1539
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Author Boyd, L.E.; Carbonaro, D.A.; Houpt, K.A.
Title The 24-hour time budget of Przewalski horses Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 21 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 5-17
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Abstract A herd of 8 Przewalski horses were observed on pasture in summer. Fifteen-minute focal animal samples were used to determine the time budget of the horses during the periods 00.00-04.00, 04.00-08.00, 08.00-12.00, 12.00-16.00, 16.00-20.00 and 20.00-24.00 h EDT. The behavioral states recorded were feeding (grazing and eating grain), nursing, drinking, standing, stand-resting, self-grooming, mutual grooming, locomoting, playing, and lying laterally and sternally. The average number of behavioral states occurring per hour, and the defecation, urination, aggression and vocalization rates were also determined. Overall, the horses spent 46.4 +/- 5.9% of their time feeding, 1.3 +/- 0.1% nursing, 0.5 +/- 0.1% drinking, 20.6 +/- 5.4% standing, 15.7 +/- 3.2% stand-resting, 1.7 +/- 0.2% self-grooming, 2.2 +/- 0.7% mutual grooming, 7.4 +/- 1.0% locomoting, 1.2 +/- 0.3% playing, 1.2 +/- 0.5% lying laterally and 4.1 +/- 3.0% lying sternally. The horses averaged 45.2 +/- 5.8 behavioral states per hour, and 0.2 +/- 0.0 defecations, 0.3 +/- 0.0 urinations, 1.5 +/- 0.3 aggressions and 0.7 +/- 0.1 vocalizations per hour. The horses spent the greatest amount of time foraging between 20.00 and 04.00 h, when the temperatures were lower. They spent 68.2 +/- 2.2% of their time between 20.00 and 24.00 h feeding, but only 31.2 +/- 2.1% of their time feeding between 08.00 and 12.00 h. Recumbent rest was most common between 00.00 and 04.00 h. As temperatures rose during the daylight hours, the horses spent more time drinking and standing, rather than grazing. Stand-resting was the most common form of rest during the day. The horses exhibited the greatest number of activities per hour from 08.00 to 20.00 h. While standing in close proximity to one another during these hours, the horses exhibited the highest number of aggressions per hour (1.9-2.4).
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Call Number Serial 1805
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Author McGreevy, P.D.; Thomson, P.C.
Title Differences in motor laterality between breeds of performance horse Type Journal Article
Year 2006 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 99 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 183-190
Keywords Horse; Lateralisation; Laterality; Breed; Training
Abstract This study examined the relationship between motor laterality in horses bred for different types of work and therefore different temperaments. Foreleg preference during grazing was measured in three populations of domestic horse, Thoroughbreds (TB, bred to race at the gallop), Standardbreds (SB, bred for pacing) and Quarter Horses (QH, in this case bred for so-called “cutting work” which involves manoeuvring individual cattle in and out of herds). With a one-sample t-test, TBs showed strong evidence of a left preference in motor laterality (P = 0.000), as did SBs (P = 0.002) but there was no convincing evidence for laterality in QH (P = 0.117). However, the increasing trend in left preference from QH to SBs then TBs was associated with increasing differences between individual horses within a breed. The overall preference (either left or right) increased with age (P = 0.008) and the rate of increase varied with breeds. The presence of a higher proportion of left-foreleg preferent individuals in TBs and SBs compared with QH may indicate that their training or selection (or both) has an effect on motor bias.
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Call Number Serial 1828
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Author Caanitz, H.; O'Leary, L.; Houpt, K.; Petersson, K.; Hintz, H.
Title Effect of exercise on equine behavior Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 31 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 1-12
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Abstract The effect of short periods of strenuous exertion, in this case treadmill exercise, on the subsequent behavior of Standardbred horses was examined. Six horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill 4 or 5 days per week, for 3-4 miles (approximately 1.8 m s-1 for 3 min, 5 m s-1 for 12 min, 9 m s-1 for 3 min, 3 m s-1 for 3 min, 1.8 m s-1 for 3 min). The behavior of the horses was observed in the horse's home stall immediately after exercise and 2-7 h after exercise. Focal animal sampling for a total of 150 h revealed that the horses spent significantly more time drinking and less time resting after exercise than they did on control (non-exercise or rest days). The greatest influence on behavior was seen immediately after exercise. The horses spent 13.2+/-2.7 s per 15 min drinking after exercise and 7.2+/-2.3 s per 15 min drinking on non-exercise days. They spent 7.3+/-1.5 min h-1 stand resting after exercise and 9.7+/-2.1 min h-1 on non-exercise days. These changes in behavior may be related to the physiological changes that accompany exercise. Eating, walking, elimination and self-grooming were not significantly influenced by exercise. In a second experiment the activities of two groups of six Standardbred mares were compared. One group was exercised on the treadmill and the other was not. The exercised horses spent more time drinking and lying, but urinated less than the non-exercised group.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1989
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Author Boyd, L.E.
Title Ontogeny of behavior in Przewalski horses Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 21 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 41-69
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Abstract Twelve colts and 12 fillies were observed during their first 2 years of life. Data on the foal's nearest neighbor, distance to dam and stallion, and time budget were compiled by age. The birth of one foal was witnessed. During their first month of life, Przewalski foals were dependent on the dam. She provided most of their nourishment and foals spent 54% of their time within 1 m of her. The biggest change in behavior of foals occurred between Months 1 and 2. The amount of time spent resting and nursing declined, while the amount of time spent foraging increased sharply. Foals began to leave their mothers and interact with peers by 3 weeks of age, and at 2 months they were interacting with older herd members. By 5 months of age, the amount of time spent in most behaviors was identical to that of adults, except that vocalization rates and involvement in aggression were lower than for adults. Juveniles spent less time stand-resting than adults throughout their first year, but more time in recumbent rest. Foals spent far less time with their sire than with their dam. However, an orphaned foal spent more time with his sire than did mothered foals, indicating that the sire assumed part of the role of the missing dam.
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Call Number Serial 2018
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Author Dumont, B.; Boissy, A.; Achard, C.; Sibbald, A.M.; Erhard, H.W.
Title Consistency of animal order in spontaneous group movements allows the measurement of leadership in a group of grazing heifers Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 95 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 55-66
Keywords Cattle; Grazing; Leadership; Movement order; Walking
Abstract The term `leadership' has been used in several different senses, resulting in very different ways of identifying leaders and apparently inconsistent conclusions on how leadership is determined in herbivores. We therefore propose the following definitions: (i) a leader is the individual that is consistently the one who initiates long-distance, spontaneous group movements toward a new feeding site and (ii) long-distance spontaneous group movements are movements which happen when an animal changes activity and location and is immediately followed by a similar change in activity and location by other members of the group. Using these definitions, we tested for consistency of movement order across time and situation within a group of fifteen 2-year-old heifers. We found that the same individual was recorded as the very first animal in 48% of movements toward a new feeding site and could therefore be identified as the `leader'. We also showed that movement order when the animals entered an experimental plot, or progressed slowly through the field during a grazing bout, did not produce the same result. This method, which enables us to identify leaders in groups of animals at pasture, should improve our knowledge of how leadership is determined in grazing herbivores.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 Serial 2027
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Author Christensen, J.W.; Keeling, L.J.; Nielsen, B.L.
Title Responses of horses to novel visual, olfactory and auditory stimuli Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 93 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 53-65
Keywords Horses; Novelty responses; Fear; Behaviour; Heart rate
Abstract Responses of horses towards fear-eliciting stimuli can have important consequences for both human and horse safety. This experiment was designed to investigate behavioural and heart rate (HR) responses of horses to novel visual, auditory and olfactory stimuli. Twenty-four 2-year-old, previously unhandled, stallions were habituated to receive a food reward from a container in a test arena. Each horse was exposed to three 2 min tests in a balanced design where in addition to the feed container, either a traffic cone (visual test), white noise (auditory test) or eucalyptus oil applied to the inside of the container (olfactory test) were used as the novel stimuli. Compared to the control, less time was spent eating during all tests. There was no difference in locomotion activity in the different test situations, but presentation of the novel visual and auditory stimuli elicited significantly increased HR responses in the horses, compared to their response to the arena without novel stimuli (control), whereas there was no increase in HR response to the olfactory stimulus. However, during the olfactory test, the horses had an increased number of eating bouts and became more vigilant towards their surroundings, whereas during the visual and auditory tests, more time was spent alert towards the stimulus. The horses also took significantly more steps backwards in response to the auditory test. The heart rate responses correlated between tests and reflect a non-differentiated activation of the sympathetic nervous system, while the behavioural responses were linked to the type of stimulus.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2256
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Author Lamoot, I.; Callebaut, J.; Demeulenaere, E.; Vandenberghe, C.; Hoffmann, M.
Title Foraging behaviour of donkeys grazing in a coastal dune area in temperate climate conditions Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
Volume 92 Issue (up) 1-2 Pages 93-112
Keywords Grazing behaviour; Habitat use; Donkey; Equid; Diet composition
Abstract A small herd of donkeys was introduced in a coastal dune reserve `Houtsaegerduinen' (ca. 80 ha) in Belgium, in order to slow down expansion of dominant grass and shrub species. The Houtsaegerduinen is a nutrient poor scrub-dominated dune system with a spatially heterogeneous vegetation pattern. Different aspects of the grazing behaviour (grazing time, bite rate, habitat use, diet composition) of the free-ranging donkeys are described and analysed. Behavioural data (of maximum six adult mares) were collected through continuous focal animal observation in three consecutive years (1998-2001). Temporal variation in grazing time, habitat use and diet composition was determined. During daylight, donkeys spent most of their time on grazing (56%). In all 3 years, grazing time was significantly shorter in summer (45% of their time), longest grazing times were achieved in spring (64%). In spring, the donkeys also achieved the highest bite rate (21.5 bites/min). The grassy habitat was preferred for foraging in all seasons, while the use of scrub and woodland was variable over time. Averaged over the four seasons, the general diet consisted for 80% of graminoids, 10% of forbs and 10% of woody plants. However, diet composition varied not only among seasons and years, but depended also on the foraged habitat type. We discuss the possible role of the donkeys in nature management.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2338
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