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	Author	Lombardi, C.
	Title	Matching and oddity relational learning by pigeons ( Columba livia ): transfer from color to shape			Type	Journal Article
	Year		Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract  Relational learning, as opposed to perceptual learning, is based on the abstract properties of the stimuli. Although at present there is no doubt that pigeons are capable of relational behavior, this study aims to further disclose the conditions under which it occurs. Pigeons were trained in an outdoor cage on a matching-to-sample or an oddity-from-sample task, with colored cardboard stimuli presented horizontally. The apparatus involved three sliding lids on which the stimuli were drawn and which, when displaced, revealed the reinforcement. The lids were either adjacent to each other or somewhat separated. Training sessions involved two colors, and test sessions six different colors (same dimension test), or six different shapes (different dimension test). One group of birds trained under the “adjacent” condition failed when tested with new stimuli, but succeeded in both dimension tests after training under the “separate” condition. Two other groups of birds succeeded in all tests after training under the latter condition. These results show that depending on procedural details, pigeons are or are not able to transfer from one visual dimension to another, thus extending previous related findings.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3270
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	Author	Dyer, F.C.
	Title	Spatial Cognition: Lessons from Central-place Foraging Insects			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition in Nature	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	119-154
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary Spatial orientation has played an extremely important role in the development of ideas about the behavioral capacities of animals. Indeed, as the modern scientific study of animal behavior emerged from its roots in zoology and experimental psychology, studies of spatial orientation figured in the work of many of the pioneering researchers, including Tinbergen (), von ), Watson () and .
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	London	Editor	Russell P. Balda; Irene M. Pepperberg; Alan C. Kamil
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9780120770304	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2913
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	Author	Smith, W.J.
	Title	Cognitive Implications of an Information-sharing Model of Animal Communication			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition in Nature	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	227-243
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary In social communication, one animal signals and another responds. Several cognitive steps are involved as the second animal selects its responses; these steps can be described as follows in terms of an informational model. First, the responding individual must evaluate the information made available by the signaling on the basis of other information, available from sources contextual to the signal. Second, the respondent must fit all of the relevant information into patterns generated from recall of past events (conscious recall is not generally required; pattern fitting is a fundamental skill). Third, conditional predictions must be made; and fourth, the individual must test and modify any of these predictions for which significant consequences exist. Many vertebrate animals appear to respond to signaling with considerable flexibility. Communicative events are thus complex but are by no means intractable. Indeed, communication provides us with excellent opportunities to investigate animal cognition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	London	Editor	Russell P. Balda; Irene M. Pepperberg; Alan C. Kamil
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9780120770304	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2914
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	Author	Beer, C.G.
	Title	Varying Views of Animal and Human Cognition			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition in Nature	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	435-456
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary In this chapter I want to stand back from the splendid empirical work on animal cognitive capacities that is the focus of this book, and look at the broader context of cognitive concerns within which the work can be viewed. Indeed even the term `cognitive ethology' currently connotes and denotes more than is represented here, as other collections of articles, such as and , exemplify. I include the current descendants of behavioristic learning theory, evolutionary epistemology, evolutionary psychology and the recent comparative turn that has been taken in cognitive science. These several approaches, despite their considerable overlap, often appear independent and even ignorant of one another. Like the proverbial blind men feeling the hide of an elephant, they touch hands from time to time, yet collectively have only a piecemeal and distributed understanding of the shape of the whole. Although each approach may indeed need the space to work out its own conceptual and methodological preoccupations without confounding interference from other views, a utopian spirit envisages an ultimate coming together, a more comprehensive realization of the synthetic approach to animal cognition that is this book's theme.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	London	Editor	Russell P. Balda; Irene M. Pepperberg; Alan C. Kamil
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9780120770304	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2915
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Griffin, D.R.
	Title	From cognition to consciousness			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	3-16
	Keywords	Animal minds – Cognitive ethology – Cognition – Consciousness
	Abstract	This paper proposes an extension of scientific horizons in the study of animal behavior and cognition to include conscious experiences. From this perspective animals are best appreciated as actors rather than passive objects. A major adaptive function of their central nervous systems may be simple, but conscious and rational, thinking about alternative actions and choosing those the animal believes will get what it wants, or avoid what it dislikes or fears. Versatile adjustment of behavior in response to unpredictable challenges provides strongly suggestive evidence of simple but conscious thinking. And especially significant objective data about animal thoughts and feelings are already available, once communicative signals are recognized as evidence of the subjective experiences they often convey to others. The scientific investigation of human consciousness has undergone a renaissance in the 1990s, as exemplified by numerous symposia, books and two new journals. The neural correlates of cognition appear to be basically similar in all central nervous systems. Therefore other species equipped with very similar neurons, synapses, and glia may well be conscious. Simple perceptual and rational conscious thinking may be at least as important for small animals as for those with large enough brains to store extensive libraries of behavioral rules. Perhaps only in “megabrains” is most of the information processing unconscious.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3088
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	Author	Czeschlik, T.
	Title	Animal cognition – the phylogeny and ontogeny of cognitive abilities			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	1-2
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3100
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	Author	Westergaard, G.C.; Liv, C.; Chavanne, T.J.; Suomi, S.J.
	Title	Token-mediated tool-use by a tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	2	Pages	101-106
	Keywords
	Abstract	This research examined token-mediated tool-use in a tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). We conducted five experiments. In experiment 1 we examined the use of plastic color-coded chips to request food, and in experiments 2-5 we examined the use of color-coded chips to request tools. Our subject learned to use chips to request tools following the same general pattern seen in great apes performing analogous tasks, that is, initial discrimination followed by an understanding of the relationship among tokens, tools, and their functions. Our findings are consistent with the view that parallel representational processes underlie the tool-related behavior of capuchins and great apes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3152
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	Author	Astié, A.A.; Kacelnik, A.; Reboreda, J.C.
	Title	Sexual differences in memory in shiny cowbirds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	2	Pages	77-82
	Keywords
	Abstract	Avian brood parasites depend on other species, the hosts, to raise their offspring. During the breeding season, parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus sp.) search for potential host nests to which they return for laying a few days after first locating them. Parasitic cowbirds have a larger hippocampus/telencephalon volume than non-parasitic species; this volume is larger in the sex involved in nest searching (females) and it is also larger in the breeding than in the non-breeding season. In nature, female shiny cowbirds Molothrus bonariensis search for nests without the male's assistance. Here we test whether, in association with these neuroanatomical and behavioural differences, shiny cowbirds display sexual differences in a memory task in the laboratory. We used a task consisting of finding food whose location was indicated either by the appearance or the location of a covering disk. Females learnt to retrieve food faster than males when food was associated with appearance cues, but we found no sexual differences when food was associated with a specific location. Our results are consistent with the view that parasitism and its neuroanatomical correlates affect performance in memory tasks, but the effects we found were not in the expected direction, emphasising that the nature of avian hippocampal function and its sexual differences are not yet understood.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3158
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	Author	Call, J.; Hare, B.A.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Chimpanzee gaze following in an object-choice task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	2	Pages	89-99
	Keywords
	Abstract	Many primate species reliably track and follow the visual gaze of conspecifics and humans, even to locations above and behind the subject. However, it is not clear whether primates follow a human's gaze to find hidden food under one of two containers in an object-choice task. In a series of experiments six adult female chimpanzees followed a human's gaze (head and eye direction) to a distal location in space above and behind them, and checked back to the human's face when they did not find anything interesting or unusual. This study also assessed whether these same subjects would also use the human's gaze in an object-choice task with three types of occluders: barriers, tubes, and bowls. Barriers and tubes permitted the experimenter to see their contents (i.e., food) whereas bowls did not. Chimpanzees used the human's gaze direction to choose the tube or barrier containing food but they did not use the human's gaze to decide between bowls. Our findings allowed us to discard both simple orientation and understanding seeing-knowing in others as the explanations for gaze following in chimpanzees. However, they did not allow us to conclusively choose between orientation combined with foraging tendencies and understanding seeing in others. One interesting possibility raised by these results is that studies in which the human cannot see the reward at the time of subject choice may potentially be underestimating chimpanzees' social knowledge.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3165
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	Author	Rasa, O.A.E.
	Title	To stay or to leave? Decision rules for partner species relocation in two symbiotic pairs of desert beetles			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	1	Issue	1	Pages	47-54
	Keywords
	Abstract	Four nocturnal Kalahari desert tenebrionid beetles live in closely associated species pairs. The larger member of each pair, Parastizopus and Gonopus, are the primary burrowers while their smaller associates, Eremostibes and Herpiscius, inhabit the burrows with them and feed on detritus the larger beetles carry in. During summer drought, the two large species have different emergence times, surface activity patterns (vagilities) and different probabilities that burrows will be reoccupied before sunrise or remain empty for longer periods. Because their partners leave the burrows, the smaller species must make a decision either to stay in the expectation of a burrow being reinhabited, or leave and locate a new partner. The vagility and burrow fidelity of the associating species were studied using marked individuals in free-living populations. Field inclusion/exclusion experiments to test what influences the decision process showed that neither continual partner presence nor food induced the smaller beetles to remain. Different percentages, depending on species, left overnight. For both associates, these proportions corresponded exactly to the probability that the burrow would not be inhabited by their partner species the next day. Neither species predicted the probability of burrow reoccupation after a short vacancy and adopted a “waiting” strategy.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3166
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