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| Author |
Smith, L.A.; Wells, K.L.; Marion, G.; Swain, D.L.; Hutchings, M.R. |
| Title |
Effects of group composition on the grazing behaviour of herbivores |
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Journal Article |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
In Press, Corrected Proof |
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| Keywords |
grazing; group composition; herbivore; individual behaviour; physiological state |
| Abstract |
Animal behaviour is often a function of the animal's physiological state. Groups of animals will often contain individuals with a range of physiological states and the grazing behaviour of herbivores is affected by their physiological state. This study compared the grazing decisions of animals in groups of single and mixed physiological states. Using a grazing model that simulated individual herbivore behaviour in relation to environmental distributions of forage resource (grass) and parasites (faeces), we tested the hypothesis that an animal's level of parasite exposure via the faecal-oral route is affected by the composition of physiological states in the group. Four physiological states were considered: parasite-naïve, parasitized, lactating and parasite-immune animals. Baseline parasite exposure levels for each state were generated by simulating single-state groups and were compared to simulations of each of the six two-state combinations. In single-state groups parasitized animals had the least and lactating animals had the greatest levels of parasite exposure. When co-grazing with lactating animals, parasitized, immune and naïve animals increased their parasite exposure, relative to single-state groups. When co-grazing with parasitized animals, lactating, immune and naïve animals reduced their parasite exposure, relative to single-state groups. There was no difference in parasite exposure of the immune or naïve animals co-grazing together when compared to the single-state groups. These results highlight the need to recognize the impact of the individual when studying group-living animals. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5155 |
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Bergvall, U.A.; Schäpers, A.; Kjellander, P.; Weiss, A. |
| Title |
Personality and foraging decisions in fallow deer, Dama dama |
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Journal Article |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
In Press, Corrected Proof |
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antipredator behaviour; boldness; Dama dama; dominance; fallow deer; foraging; novelty; personality |
| Abstract |
Recent studies have examined the ecological and evolutionary bases for variation in animal personality. However, only a few such studies have examined how foraging parameters are influenced by different personality domains. In wild ungulates, the trade-off between the time spent on food intake and antipredator behaviour differs between individuals, but the underlying reason for this is not yet well understood. One possibility is that this trade-off reflects personality dimensions such as boldness. To relate foraging decisions to personality we measured personality and performed feeding experiments with familiar and novel food in familiar and novel situations. We measured personality traits in 15 tame fallow deer, using novel object tests (NO), behavioural observations (BO) and personality ratings (PR). Boldness dimensions were found using PR and NO, dominance dimensions were found using BO and PR, and a flexibility dimension was found using BO. Multitrait-multimethod analysis showed that similar dimensions were significantly correlated across different methods and that different dimensions were not significantly correlated, even if measured using the same method. We also found that novel food eaten in familiar situations and familiar food eaten in novel situations were strongly related to boldness but not dominance, flexibility or age. Thus the trade-off between the benefits of gaining more food and the costs of reduced vigilance or increased toxin ingestion reflect boldness. These findings highlight the nature of personality dimensions in ungulates and how boldness impacts foraging behaviour. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5278 |
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Abeyesinghe, S.M.; Nicol, C.J.; Hartnell, S.J.; Wathes, C.M. |
| Title |
Can domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus, show self-control? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
70 |
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1 |
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1-11 |
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An important aspect of cognition is whether animals live exclusively in the present or can anticipate the future. Defined as self-control, the ability to choose a large, remote reinforcer over a small, proximate reinforcer available at the same frequency has been examined in a number of species, often proving difficult to demonstrate. We investigated self-control for food in domestic fowl using a standard two-key operant task and an equivalent two-choice return maze (TCRM) task. When hens chose between a 2-s delay to a 3-s feed access (impulsive) and a 6-s delay to a 7-s feed access (self-control), they appeared unable to discriminate in the TCRM but were impulsive in the operant task. We explored reasons for not choosing self-control in the operant task, first by examining the relation between feed access time and actual feed intake. A second operant experiment examined whether failure to show self-control could be attributed to an inability to combine the delay and access (quantity) reward information associated with choices to reach overall predictions of value. New hens chose between a 2-s delay to a 3-s feed access (impulsive) and either a 22-s delay to a 22-s feed access (standard self-control) or a 6-s delay to a 22-s feed access (jackpot self-control). While hens were impulsive in the standard condition, they showed significant and pronounced self-control in the jackpot condition, eliminating the possibility of an absolute cognitive constraint. Impulsive behaviour can instead be explained by temporal discounting: perceived depreciation of reward value as a function of the uncertainty associated with delay. Implications for welfare are discussed. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2897 |
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Galef BG, J.; Giraldeau, L.A. |
| Title |
Social influences on foraging in vertebrates: causal mechanisms and adaptive functions |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
61 |
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1 |
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3-15 |
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We summarize 20 years of empirical and theoretical research on causes and functions of social influences on foraging by animals. We consider separately studies of social influence on when, where, what and how to eat. Implicit in discussion of the majority of studies is our assumption that social influences on foraging reflect a biasing of individual learning processes by social stimuli rather than action of independent social-learning mechanisms. Our review of theoretical approaches suggests that the majority of formally derived hypotheses concerning functions of social influence on foraging have not yet been tested adequately and many models are in need of further refinement. We also consider the importance to the future of the field of integrating 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches to the study of social learning. Copyright 2001 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. |
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Department of Psychology, McMaster University |
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0003-3472 |
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PMID:11170692 |
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2135 |
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Noirot, E.; Richards, M.P.M. |
| Title |
Maternal behaviour in virgin female golden hamsters: Changes consequent upon initial contact with pups |
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Journal Article |
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1966 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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14 |
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1 |
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7-10 |
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Summary Initial contact with pups of a certain age causes changes in virgin female hamsters' behaviour with pups of another age. This was shown by comparing the behaviour with 5-day-old pups in groups of naive (control) animals and of animals given one previous contact either with 1, 5 or 9-day-old pups. Maternal responses were more intense in the animals previously presented with 1 or 9-day-old pups than in the control animals. Attacking was increased after initial contact with 1-day-old pups and decreased after initial contact with 9-day-old pups. Animals presented twice with the same pattern did not show marked changes in either of the two activities. |
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2157 |
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Gosling, L.M.; Roberts, S.C. |
| Title |
Testing ideas about the function of scent marks in territories from spatial patterns |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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62 |
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3 |
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F7-F10 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2317 |
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Kaminski, J.; Riedel, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. |
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Domestic goats, Capra hircus, follow gaze direction and use social cues in an object choice task |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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69 |
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1 |
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11-18 |
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Gaze following is a basic social cognitive skill with many potential benefits for animals that live in social groups. At least five primate species are known to follow the gaze of conspecifics, but there have been no studies on gaze following in other mammals. We investigated whether domestic goats can use the gaze direction of a conspecific as a cue to find food. They were able to do this, at a level comparable to that of primates. In a second experiment, we tested goats' ability to use gaze and other communicative cues given by a human in a so-called object choice situation. An experimenter hid food out of sight of the subject under one of two cups. After baiting the cup the experimenter indicated the location of the food to the subject by using different cues. The goats used communicative cues (touching and pointing) but not gaze by itself. Since domestic dogs are very skilled in this task, whereas wolves are not, one hypothesis is that the use of communicative cues in the object choice task is a side-effect of domestication. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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542 |
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WAYNE L. LINKLATER & ELISSA Z. CAMERON |
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Distinguishing cooperation from cohabitation: the feral horse case |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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59 |
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F17-F21 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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514 |
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Nicol, C.J.; Badnell-Waters, A.J. |
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Suckling behaviour in domestic foals and the development of abnormal oral behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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70 |
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1 |
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21-29 |
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We investigated how the behaviour of domestic foals, Equus caballus, living at pasture with their dams was associated with foal gender, mare rank and the development of abnormal oral behaviour, both during the preweaning period, and over a period of up to 4 years postweaning. A population of 186 foals belonging to private owners and commercial studs was studied. The behaviour of male and female foals hardly differed, but mare rank affected patterns of foal social interaction and suckling behaviour, with foals of subordinate mares involved in more affiliative interactions. These foals also spent more time in perisuckling activities such as teat nuzzling than foals of other mares. During the study, 18 foals developed abnormal oral behaviour before weaning and 42 foals developed abnormal oral behaviour after weaning. The development of abnormal oral behaviour was associated with suckling behaviour in a variety of ways. Foals that had already developed abnormal oral behaviour at the time of the preweaning observations were involved in more suckling terminations within bouts than normal foals or foals that developed future abnormal behaviour, and pushing the udder with the muzzle was most frequent in these foals. Foals that had no current abnormal oral behaviour, but that would develop this in the future, spent more time suckling and twice as much time teat nuzzling as other foals. The results add to the growing evidence of associations between digestive function and abnormal oral behaviour in horses. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3631 |
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Feh, C. |
| Title |
Alliances between stallions are more than just multimale groups: reply to Linklater & Cameron (2000) |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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61 |
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F27-F30 |
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