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| Author |
Sárová, R.; Spinka, M.; Panamá, J.L.A.; Simecek, P. |
| Title |
Graded leadership by dominant animals in a herd of female beef cattle on pasture |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
79 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1037-1045 |
| Keywords |
Bos taurus; cattle; dominance; foraging; Gps; group movement; leadership |
| Abstract |
The role of dominant individuals in leading groups of animals is not yet well understood. We investigated whether dominant beef cows, Bos taurus, have more influence on herd movement on pasture than more subordinate cows. A herd of 15 Gasconne cows was observed for a 3-week period between dawn and dusk. The positions of all adult cows were recorded with GPS collars at 1 min intervals and the behaviour of each cow was recorded in 5 min scans. The dominance hierarchy was recorded by ad libitum sampling. Through cluster analysis of the recorded data, we distinguished three herd behaviour patterns: resting, foraging and travelling. Dominant cows were closer to the front of the herd during both travelling and foraging. During travelling, more dominant cows also had more direct trajectories and were more aligned both with their nearest neighbours and with the whole herd. During foraging, the trajectories of dominant cows were shorter than those of subordinate cows. The results indicate that foraging and short-distance travelling movements by female beef cattle are not led by any particular individual but rather are influenced by a graded type of leadership; that is, the more dominant a cow is, the stronger the influence it may have on the movements of the herd. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5271 |
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| Author |
Giraldeau, L.-A.; Lefebvre, L. |
| Title |
Scrounging prevents cultural transmission of food-finding behaviour in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
387-394 |
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| Abstract |
Living in groups should promote the cultural transmission of a novel behaviour because opportunities for observing knowledgeable individuals are likely to be more numerous in this condition. However, in this study pigeons who shared the food discoveries of others (scroungers) did not learn the food-finding technique used by the discoverers (producers). Individually-caged pigeons prevented from scrounging easily learned the technique from a conspecific tutor. When caged pigeons obtained food from the tutor's performance, most naïve observers failed to learn. In a flock, scroungers selectively followed producers. In individual cages, scrounging during the tutor's demonstration was equivalent to getting no demonstration at all. This effect of scrounging did not interfere with subsequent acquisition of the food-finding behaviour when scrounging was no longer possible. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5265 |
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Reebs, S.G. |
| Title |
Can a minority of informed leaders determine the foraging movements of a fish shoal? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
403-409 |
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There is no information on whether the daily foraging movements of fish shoals are the result of chance, the collective will of all shoalmates, or the leadership of a few individuals. This study tested the latter possibility. Shoals of 12 golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas, were trained to expect food around midday in one of the brightly lit corners of their tank. They displayed daily food-anticipatory activity by leaving the shady area of their tank and spending more and more time in the food corner up to the normal time of feeding. Past this normal time they remained in the shade, even on test days when no food was delivered. Most of these experienced individuals were then replaced by naïve ones. The resulting ratio of experienced:naïve fish could be 5:7, 3:9 or 1:11. On their own, naïve individuals would normally spend the whole day in the shade, but in all tests the experienced individual(s) were able to entrain these more numerous naïve fish out of the shade and into the brightly lit food corner at the right time of day. Entrainment was stronger in the 5:7 than in the 1:11 experiment. The test shoals never split up and were always led by the same fish, presumably the experienced individuals. These results indicate that in a strongly gregarious species, such as the golden shiner, a minority of informed individuals can lead a shoal to food, either through social facilitation of foraging movements or by eliciting following behaviour. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5255 |
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| Author |
Petit, O.; Thierry, B. |
| Title |
Aggressive and peaceful interventions in conflicts in Tonkean macaques |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
48 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1427-1436 |
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Abstract. Peaceful interventions in conflicts are an extremely rare phenomenon in most primate species. In contrast to aggressive interventions, they cannot lead to gains in terms of competition. To clarify the function and origin of this behaviour, the patterning and consequences of peaceful and aggressive interventions were studied in a semi-free ranging group of tonkean macaques, Macaca tonkeana. Intense conflicts frequently elicited both types of intervention. Interveners preferentially targeted the initiator of the conflict, who was generally the dominant of the two opponents. Males tended to intervene more than females, especially using peaceful interventions. Interventions were frequently performed on behalf of the most closely kin-related opponent; this was true particularly for aggressive interventions. In peaceful interventions, the intervener was usually dominant over both parties. Lipsmacking, clasping, mounting and social play were mainly used, and were successful in halting aggression. Peaceful interventions were frequently followed by an affinitive interaction, such as grooming, between intervener and target. Peaceful interventions thus appear to protect the beneficiary while preserving the social relationship between intervener and target. The origin of the behaviour can be traced to the epigenetic constraints arising from the species-specific social organization. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5244 |
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Engh, A.L.; Esch, K.; Smale, L.; Holekamp, K.E. |
| Title |
Mechanisms of maternal rank 'inheritance' in the spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
60 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
323-332 |
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Maternal rank [`]inheritance', the process by which juveniles attain positions in the dominance hierarchy adjacent to those of their mothers, occurs in both cercopithecine primates and spotted hyaenas. Maternal rank is acquired in primates through defensive maternal interventions, coalitionary support and unprovoked aggression ([`]harassment') directed by adult females towards offspring of lower-ranking individuals. Genetic heritability of rank-related traits plays a negligible role in primate rank acquisition. Because the social lives of Crocuta and cercopithecine primates share many common features, we examined whether the same mechanisms might operate in both taxa to promote maternal rank [`]inheritance'. We observed a large clan of free-living spotted hyaenas in Kenya to test predictions of four mechanistic hypotheses. Hyaena rank acquisition did not appear to be directly affected by genetic heritability. Unprovoked aggression from adult female hyaenas was not directed preferentially towards low-ranking cubs. However, high-ranking mothers intervened on behalf of their cubs more frequently and more effectively than low-ranking mothers. Maternal interventions and supportive coalitions appeared to reinforce aggression directed at [`]appropriate' conspecific targets, whereas coalitionary aggression directed at cubs apparently functioned to extinguish their aggressive behaviour towards [`]inappropriate' targets. Young hyaenas and primates thus appear to [`]inherit' their mothers' ranks by strikingly similar mechanisms. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5242 |
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Sands, J.; Creel, S. |
| Title |
Social dominance, aggression and faecal glucocorticoid levels in a wild population of wolves, Canis lupus |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
67 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
387-396 |
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Adrenal glucocorticoid (GC) secretion is an important component of the response to stress in vertebrates. A short-term increase in circulating GCs serves to redirect energy from processes that can be briefly curtailed without harm, allowing energy to be directed towards eliminating or avoiding the stressor. In contrast, prolonged elevation of GCs can cause a broad range of pathologies, including reproductive suppression. We examined whether social subordination in wolves leads to chronically elevated GC levels, and whether this [`]social stress' causes reproductive suppression of subordinates in cooperatively breeding species. Behavioural and endocrine data collected over 2 years from three packs of free-living wolves in Yellowstone National Park did not support this hypothesis. GC levels were significantly higher in dominant wolves than in subordinates, for both sexes, in all packs, in both years of study. Unlike other cooperatively breeding carnivores (e.g. dwarf mongooses, Helogale parvula, and African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus), high GCs in dominant wolves were not associated with high rates of aggression or agonistic interaction. Aggression increased for wolves of all ranks during mating periods, accompanied by a significant rise in GC levels. If chronic elevation of GCs carries fitness costs, then social stress in wolves (and many other social species) is a cost of dominance, not a consequence of subordination. The specific behavioural correlates of dominance that affect GC levels appear to vary among species, even those with similar social systems. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5222 |
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Faria, J.J.; Dyer, J.R.G.; Tosh, C.R.; Krause, J. |
| Title |
Leadership and social information use in human crowds |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
79 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
895-901 |
| Keywords |
collective animal behaviour; group; human; inadvertent social cue; information; leadership |
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One of the big challenges for group-living animals is to find out who in a group has pertinent information (regarding food or predators) at any moment in time, because informed individuals may not be obviously recognizable to other group members. We found that individuals in human groups were capable of identifying those with information, and this identification increased group performance: the speed and accuracy of groups in reaching a target. Using video analysis we found how informed individuals might have been identified by other group members by means of inadvertent social cues (such as starting order, time spent following and group position). Furthermore, we were able to show that at least one of these cues, the group position of informed individuals, was indeed correlated with group performance. Our final experiment confirmed that leadership was even more efficient when the group members were given the identity of the leader. We discuss the effect of information status regarding the presence and identity of leaders on collective animal behaviour. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5192 |
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Bonanni, R.; Cafazzo, S.; Valsecchi, P.; Natoli, E. |
| Title |
Effect of affiliative and agonistic relationships on leadership behaviour in free-ranging dogs |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
79 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
981-991 |
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affiliative relationship; agonistic dominance; Canis lupus familiaris; consensus costs; consensus decisions; domestic dog; formal dominance; individual variation in leadership |
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Consensus decisions about the nature and timing of group activities allow animals to maintain group cohesiveness, but also entail costs because individuals often differ with respect to their optimal activity budgets. Two mechanisms whereby animals reach a consensus include ‘consistent leadership’, in which a single dominant individual makes the decision, and ‘variable leadership’ in which several group members contribute to the decision outcome. Sharing of consensus decisions is expected to reduce consensus costs to most group members. Both patterns are thought to emerge from the complexity of social relationships of group members. We investigated the distribution of leadership during group departures in two packs of free-ranging dogs, Canis lupus familiaris, and tested how its distribution between individuals was affected by dominance rank-related affiliative and agonistic relationships. Although leadership was not entirely concentrated on a single group member, both packs had a limited number of habitual leaders. In the largest pack, the pattern of leadership changed from ‘variable’ to nearly ‘consistent’ after its size had shrunk. Habitual leaders were usually old and high-ranking individuals. However, high-ranking dogs that received affiliative submissions in greeting ceremonies were more likely to lead than dominant dogs receiving submissions only in agonistic contexts. During resting times, habitual followers associated more closely with habitual leaders than with other followers. These results suggest that in social species collective movements may arise from the effort of subordinates to maintain close proximity with specific valuable social partners. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5177 |
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Lusseau, D.; Whitehead, H.; Gero, S. |
| Title |
Incorporating uncertainty into the study of animal social networks |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1809-1815 |
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bootstrap; social behaviour; social network; social structure |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5173 |
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Kurvers, R.H.J.M.; Eijkelenkamp, B.; van Oers, K.; van Lith, B.; van Wieren, S.E.; Ydenberg, R.C.; Prins, H.H.T. |
| Title |
Personality differences explain leadership in barnacle geese |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
78 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
447-453 |
| Keywords |
barnacle goose; boldness; Branta leucopsis; group behaviour; leadership; personality |
| Abstract |
Personality in animal behaviour describes the observation that behavioural differences between individuals are consistent over time and context. Studies of group-living animals show that movement order among individuals is also consistent over time and context, suggesting that some individuals lead and others follow. However, the relationship between leadership and personality traits is poorly studied. We measured several personality traits and leadership of individual barnacle geese, Branta leucopsis. We measured body size and scored the dominance of individuals living in a stable group situation before subjecting them to an open-field test, an activity test, a novel-object test, and a leadership test in which the order of the movement of individuals in pairs towards a feeding patch was scored. We found high repeatability for activity and novel-object scores over time. Leadership was strongly correlated with novel-object score but not with dominance rank, activity or exploration in an open field. These results provide evidence that leadership is closely related to some aspects of personality. Interestingly, an individual's arrival at the food patch was affected not only by the novel-object score of the focal individual, but also by the novel-object score of the companion individual, indicating that movement patterns of individuals living in groups are affected by the personality traits of other group members and suggesting that movement patterns of a group may be shaped by the mix of personality types present in the group. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5172 |
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