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| Author |
Giraldeau, L.-A.; Lefebvre, L. |
| Title |
Scrounging prevents cultural transmission of food-finding behaviour in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
Year  |
1987 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
387-394 |
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| Abstract |
Living in groups should promote the cultural transmission of a novel behaviour because opportunities for observing knowledgeable individuals are likely to be more numerous in this condition. However, in this study pigeons who shared the food discoveries of others (scroungers) did not learn the food-finding technique used by the discoverers (producers). Individually-caged pigeons prevented from scrounging easily learned the technique from a conspecific tutor. When caged pigeons obtained food from the tutor's performance, most naïve observers failed to learn. In a flock, scroungers selectively followed producers. In individual cages, scrounging during the tutor's demonstration was equivalent to getting no demonstration at all. This effect of scrounging did not interfere with subsequent acquisition of the food-finding behaviour when scrounging was no longer possible. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5265 |
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| Author |
Lisa Nash, H.; Song, G.K.; Price, E.O. |
| Title |
Head partitions facilitate feeding by subordinate horses in the presence of dominant pen-mates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
179-182 |
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The purpose of the following study was to determine if head partitions would facilitate feeding by subordinate horses in the presence of dominant pen-mates. Six pairs of mares, each with established dominant-subordinate relationships, were allowed to compete for feed in a 112-cm trough following 24 h of deprivation. Time spent feeding by each mare in each pair was recorded with a wire-mesh partition, a solid plywood partition or no partition dividing the trough. Differences in feeding times between dominant and subordinate mares were greatest in the absence of a partition and least (P<0.05) with the wire barrier in place. Differences in feeding times with the solid plywood barrier were not significantly different from either of the other treatment conditions. It was concluded that head partitions on a trough facilitate feeding by subordinate horses in the presence of dominant pen-mates and thus provide a more equitable distribution of food resources. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5411 |
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| Author |
Marinier, S.L.; Alexander, A.J.; Waring, G.H. |
| Title |
Flehmen behaviour in the domestic horse: Discrimination of conspecific odours |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
227-237 |
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American Saddlebred horses were used to test the responses of domestic horses to the odours of conspecifics. In all cases the odours were tested in the absence of the donor animal. Thus the test animal's behavioural responses were concentrated on the olfactory stimuli, and possible interference from donor behaviour was eliminated. Stallions were significantly more responsive than mares and geldings. This was shown in both flehmen and sniffing behaviour to urine/vaginal secretions and in sniffing behaviour to faecal samples. Only stallions were used for subsequent tests. Stallions showed no significant differences in response to the odour of urine/vaginal secretions of an oestrus mare from that when she was not in season. Parameters used for analysis of data were frequency, latency and duration of flehmen as well as duration of responsiveness to samples. In testing for differences in odours between individual mares, two methods were used. The stallions differentiated between samples from individual mares. In some cases this differentiation was exhibited when the stallions were merely presented with the two samples in sequence. In other cases statistically significant differences in response to the odours were shown only by simultaneous presentation of the two samples to the test stallion. Parameters used for data analysis were frequency and duration of flehmen and duration of responsiveness. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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507 |
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| Author |
Feh, C. |
| Title |
Social behaviour and relationships of Prezewalski horses in Dutch semi-reserves |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
71-87 |
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A short-term study was made of 2 groups of Przewalski horses, a bachelor group of 4 juvenile stallions in Ooij Polder and a harem group of 1 stallion and 4 mares. All social interactions were recorded and the nearest and farthest neighbour was noted. Correspondence analysis was used to determine what parameters determined the relationships among the horses. There was a linear hierarchy among the bachelor stallions. The dominant stallion of the group was also the oldest. The hierarchy was not linear in the harem group, and the 3-year-old stallion was subordinate to the 5-year-old mares. He was also most likely to be farthest from other horses. The mares of the same age, who had also arrived in the park at the same time, tended to be one another's nearest neighbours. The frequency of aggression is higher among Przewalski horses than among domestic horses of similar ages. Correspondence analysis revealed that head-threats and other forms of aggression accounted for more of the variance in the data than any other behaviour, but submission, play and social interactions also contributed. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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764 |
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Keiper, R.R. |
| Title |
Social interactions of the Przewalski horse (Equus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881) herd at the Munich Zoo |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
89-97 |
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Data were collected on 972 aggressions and 233 acts of mutual grooming in a herd of 9 Przewalski horses in the Hellabrunn Tierpark in Munich, West Germany. The herd was composed of 1 adult stallion, 5 adult mares and 3 foals. A distinct linear dominance hierarchy was present in the herd, with the stallion being the top-ranking animal. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Almost 40% of all aggressions consisted of herding actions by the stallion. Threats to bite (20% of all aggressions) and threats to kick (11.4%) were next in frequency of occurrence. Most mutual grooms (71%) involved grooming the front part of the body. Although mutual grooming may be used to appease higher-ranked animals, most grooming bouts were between related horses. Foals initiate 47.6% of all allogrooming. Mutual grooming may reduce weaning conflict between a mare and her foal or may result in female coalitions that defend against predators or aggression by the herd stallion. |
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775 |
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Hogan, E.S.; Houpt, K.A.; Sweeney, K. |
| Title |
The effect of enclosure size on social interactions and daily activity patterns of the captive Asiatic wild horse (Equus przewalskii) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
147-168 |
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Two herds of Przewalski horses at the Minnesota Zoological Garden were observed during 1980 in each of 2 enclosures that differed in size. The larger enclosure was a 3.4-ha pasture; the smaller enclosure was a 17 x 30-m grass-less pen. One herd was composed of a stallion, 3 adult mares and 2 foals. The other consisted of a stallion and 2 mares. All occurrences of aggression, mutual grooming and snapping were recorded, and 5-min scan-samples of the activity state of each horse were taken. The time budgets, frequency of aggression and frequency of mutual grooming differed significantly with enclosure size for both herds. More time was spent pacing and milling in the smaller enclosure, and the frequency of aggressions and of mutual grooming was also higher. Only the foals exhibited snapping; frequency of snapping did not vary with enclosure size. More time was spent feeding in the larger enclosure. Provision of hay in the smaller enclosure eliminated the differences in time spent feeding. A second study was conducted during the spring of 1984 in an intermediate-sized enclosure, 0.4 ha, a sub-division of the pasture on which the horses were kept in 1980. One herd consisted of a stallion, 2 mares and 2 yearlings; the other consisted of a stallion, 3 mares and a foal. One of the stallions and all of the mares were those studied in 1980, but that stallion and one of the mares were in different herds than they had been in 1980. The frequency of aggression was similar to that observed in 1980. |
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Serial |
780 |
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| Author |
Tilson, R.L.; Sweeny, K.A.; Binczik, G.A.; Reindl, N.J. |
| Title |
Buddies and bullies: Social structure of a bachelor group of Przewalski horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
169-185 |
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The Minnesota Zoological Garden established a bachelor (i.e. all-male) group of 8 Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in 1984. Possible methods for mixing males emerged through preliminary introductions and review of the relevant literature. These included: (1) grouping colts (<=3 years old) after removing them from their natal bands; (2) introducing adult stallions to colts in spacious, controlled environments to reduce the risk of combat-related injury or death associated with largely unpredictable adult temperament; (3) introducing more than 1 animal at a time to established groups. Based on the frequency and orientation of agonistic interactions observed among the bachelors, a linear dominance hierarchy was discerned among the 4 adult stallions; all 4 colts were determined to be of equally low or seemingly non-ranking status. Social rank among the adults was most influenced by individual temperament, and contention for rank was limited almost exclusively to the 3 lower-ranking stallions; the alpha male participated in 73% of all agonistic interactions observed, but was identified as the recipient in less than 3% of these interactions. Intra-band associations were detected in the bachelor group. The most prevalent of these was among the 4 colts, found together in over 70% of the observations. Other affinities commonly observed were between the colts (as a sub-group) and different stallions. The dominant stallion, the colts' most frequent companion, actively discouraged the 3 lower-ranking stallions from associating with the colts. Further, the colts were subjected to significantly fewer agonistic behaviors than the non-alpha stallions (per colt=1.05+/-0.24 h-1; per non-alpha stallion=2.01+/-0.04 h-1). These findings support the hypothesis developed by other workers for ungulates that young bachelors are sheltered from aggression by association with an alpha male. With one exception, adult associations were rarely noted. Although combat-related injuries (superficial wounds and temporary lameness) were common among the bachelors, few required medical attention. No permanent disabilities or deaths have occurred since the group's inception. The existence of social organization and intra-band associations in the bachelor group support the suggestion that such groups were once a natural part of this species' social milieu. Bachelor groups are therefore recommended as an ethologically sound, space- and cost-effective means of managing “surplus” (i.e. non-harem) male Przewalski horses. |
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781 |
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Houpt, K.A.; Fraser, A.F. |
| Title |
Przewalski horses |
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Journal Article |
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1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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21 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
1-3 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2302 |
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Klimov, V.V. |
| Title |
Spatial-ethological organization of the herd of Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in Askania-Nova |
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Journal Article |
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1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
99-115 |
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The ethological structure of the herd of Przewalski horses includes hierarchic ranks of horses which determine their social roles in the herd. Besides the age ranks, the wild horses are characterized by the formation of harem groups, a “leading” group of females, a group of bachelor stallions, family groups, etc. The ethological structure determines the spatial one, which is the form of distribution of horses over the territory, and its assimilation and transformation into a system of informative spatial units. Under the influence of “internal” and “external” stimuli, the intragoup regulatory mechanims (social adaptations) manifest themselves, which allow the herd to function in the complicated situation of the reserve and allow humans to control the herd by using these mechanisms. There are grounds to believe that, given the balanced ethological structure of these groups, wild horses could be successfully acclimatized into natural biotopes. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2330 |
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Kolter, L.; Zimmermann, W. |
| Title |
Social behaviour of Przewalski horses (Equus p. przewalskii) in the Cologne Zoo and its consequences for management and housing |
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Journal Article |
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1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
117-145 |
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Between 1977 and 1986, two actual rank changes and two unsuccessful attempts occurred among the mares of the Cologne herd. The stallion was at first a low-ranking individual, but attained a dominant position during the last 3 years. At this time he started to split his group and thus to affect attachment relationships among his mares. During his absence of half a year, new bonds resulted and disappeared again some months after his return. Foals were tolerated by the sire for a long time. His behaviour to young, sub-adult mares varied with the individual. Protection of sub-adult mares by adult mares against the stallion's attacks may occur. Young mares protect and guard strange foals from their very first day. Management steps to cope with social and feeding problems consisted of enlargement and adding complexity to the enclosure, the establishment of more feeding sites, building a stable and temporary removal of the stallion. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2332 |
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