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| Author |
Roberts, J.; Hunter, M.L.; Kacelnik, A. |
| Title |
The ground effect and acoustic communication |
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Journal Article |
Year  |
1981 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
633-634 |
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2123 |
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| Author |
Barnard, C.J.; Sibly, R.M. |
| Title |
Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
543-550 |
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| Abstract |
Many forms of interaction within and between species appear to be based on `scrounger' individuals or species exploiting a limited resource provided `producers'. A mathematical model is presented which shows whether or not scroungers are maintained in a group, depending on their frequency and the group size. Some of the predictions of the model were tested in captive flocks of house sparrows Passer domesticus L. Here the scroungers obtained most of their food (mealworms) by interaction and the producers found most of their food by actively foraging: the pay-off to each type was measured as mealworm capture rate. Neither type changed strategy opportunistically in response to instantaneous flock composition but, not surprisingly, scroungers fared better when one of more producers were present. However, scrougers did much worse than expected when greatly outnumbered by producers, perhaps because producers then found the available food very quickly. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4200 |
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| Author |
Parker, G.A.; Rubenstein, D.I. |
| Title |
Role assessment, reserve strategy, and acquisition of information in asymmetric animal conflicts |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
29 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
221-240 |
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| Abstract |
It was formerly argued that alternative evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs) are possible for animal contests characterized by some asymmetry that can be perceived with perfect accuracy. Where roles A and B refer to the asymmetry between opponents, ESSs are: [`]fight when A, retreat when B', and vice versa. Either can be an ESS, but only if the [`]reserve strategy' (=what an animal does when it fights) is sufficiently damaging. We examine the [`]war of attrition' (winner = opponent that persists longer). In a population at either ESS, reserve strategy is never normally shown; it is therefore subject to drift unless the selective action of rare individuals which break the convention is considered. These could arise either by mutation or by mistakes in role assessment. When mutations and mistakes simply specify that occasionally an animal fights when it [`]should' retreat, selection adjusts reserve strategy to a level where only one ESS (the [`]commonsense' ESS) is possible, if the asymmetry is relevant to payoff. Thus for asymmetries in fighting ability or resource value, the individual with the lower score will retreat. However, we are particularly concerned with cases where both payoff-relevant aspects (fighting ability and resource value) are asymmetric. If opponents sustain contest costs at rates KA and KB, and their resource values are VA and VB, an [`]optimal assessor' strategy defined by the interaction between the two asymmetries, is a unique ESS. It obeys the rule [`]fight on estimating role A, where VA/KA>VB/KB; retreat in B'. If mistakes can occur in both roles, but are very rate, the ESS is not fundamentally altered though there will be infinitesimal tendencies for persisting in role B. Selection to improve assessment abilities intensifies as abilities improve, but is weak if roles A and B are rather similar. Over a range of similarity between roles, an [`]owner wins' convention may be adopted if ownership correlates positively with role A and an individual cannot tell when it would otherwise pay him to break the convention. We also examine a contest in which information about roles can be acquired only during a contest itself, and at a cost. Much depends on the rate at which information is acquired relative to the rate at which costs are expended, and on whether contests normally escalate in intensity, remain at the same level, or de-escalate. Selection favours short contests when costs are high relative to resource value, where the outcome of a round contains much information about fighting ability, and where the actual disparity in fighting ability is large. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5325 |
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| Author |
Powell, A.J.; Wolff, P.R. |
| Title |
Sex differences in mouse urination patterns |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
30 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1207-1211 |
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| Abstract |
When tested in circular open fields male and female mice (Mus musculus) produced strongly centrifugal urination patterns, which showed a clear `edge-dependency' in all the field sizes used. However, striking sex differences in the pattern of deposition were shown in terms of both the number and distribution of the urine spots. Male mice produce large numbers of spots which are regularly dispersed, while females produce relatively fewer spots with a more clumped distribution. It is suggested that a hitherto unsuspected level of intersexual communication may explain these differences. |
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2145 |
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| Author |
Boyd, R.; Silk, J.B. |
| Title |
A method for assigning cardinal dominance ranks |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-58 |
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Dominance hierarchies are widely described in nature. Commonly, an individual's ordinal rank is used as a measure of its position in the hierarchy, and, therefore its priority of access to resources. This use of ordinal ranks has several related drawbacks: (1) it is difficult to assess the magnitude or the significance of the difference in degree of dominance between two individuals; (2) it is difficult to evaluate the significance of differences between dominance matrices based on different behaviours or on the same behaviour at different times, and (3) it is difficult to use parametric statistical techniques to relate dominance rank to other quantities of interest. In this paper we describe a method for assigning cardinal dominance indices that does not suffer from these drawbacks. This technique is based on the Bradley-Terry model from the method of paired comparisons. We show how this model can be reinterpreted in terms of dominance interactions. and we describe a simple iterative technique for computing cardinal ranks. We then describe how to evaluate (1) whether the rank differences between individuals are significant, and (2) whether differences in the cardinal hierarchies based on different behaviours or the same behaviour at different times are significant. We then show how to generalize the method to deal with behaviours that sometimes have ambiguous outcomes, or behaviours for which the rank difference between a pair of individuals affects the rate of interaction between them. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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859 |
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| Author |
Appleby, M.C. |
| Title |
The probability of linearity in hierarchies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
600-608 |
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The common practice of ranking a group of animals in the closest possible order to a linear dominance hierarchy assumes that dominance among those animals is generally transitive. In fact, analysis of groups in which dominance relationships are random shows that this method has a surprisingly high probability of producing an apparently linear or near-linear hierarchy by chance. As such, the existence of transitive dominance should be tested before it is used in ranking. A suitable statistical test is described here. Chance may also contribute to the linear appearance of hierarchies based on other factors. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4286 |
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| Author |
Kacelnik, A.; Houston, A.I. |
| Title |
Some effects of energy costs on foraging strategies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
609-614 |
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We consider the effect of including energy costs on the optimal strategy for animals exploiting a depleting food resource. In the context of central place foraging this leads to the problem of what load size should be brought back to the central place. Two strategies are discussed: (i) maximize gross rate of energy delivery and (ii) maximize net rate of energy delivery. The optimal load size (or optimal patch time) for net maximizers is not always larger than for gross maximizers, as has been claimed. Instead, the difference in optimal load size has the same sign as the difference between metabolic rates of travelling and foraging. We point out that the influence of costs has not always been correctly incorporated in experimental tests of the theory. |
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2122 |
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| Author |
Wolff, P.R.; Powell, A.J. |
| Title |
Urine patterns in mice: An analysis of male/female counter-marking |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1185-1191 |
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Counter-marking in mice, Mus musculus was investigated by analysing urine deposition on filter paper marked asymmetrically with urine of the opposite sex. Intact males deposited large numbers of urine spots with a marked angular bias towards previously marked quadrants. More spots were deposited on proestrous and ovariectomized donor urine patterns, their distribution being more centrifugal on oestrous urine and more centripetal in quadrants containing a large female urine spot in a central position. In contrast, castrated male mice deposited very few spots with no angular bias. Female urine patterns showed angular bias in response to intact, but not castrated male donor urine, a larger number of spots being produced by oestrous females. Thus the pattern of deposition offers scope for two-way communication of information about reproductive potential. |
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2144 |
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McFarland, D.J. |
| Title |
Roger L. Mellgren, Editor, Animal Cognition and Behavior, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1983), p. xi |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
634-635 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2925 |
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Sherry, D.F.; Galef Jr, B.G. |
| Title |
Cultural transmission without imitation: Milk bottle opening by birds |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
937-938 |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5611 |
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