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Author Holzapfel, M.; Wagner, C.; Kluth, G. et al. openurl 
  Title (down) Zur Nahrungsökologie der Wölfe (Canis lupus) in Deutschland. Type Journal Article
  Year 2011 Publication Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 36 Issue Pages 117-128  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6690  
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Author Osman, F.; Zeitler-Feicht, M.; Fink, G. W.; Arnhard, S.; Krüger, K. doi  openurl
  Title (down) Überprüfung der lichten Weiten von Gitterstäben in der Pferdehaltung [Analysing demands for the clear widths of lattice bars in horse husbandry] Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Abbreviated Journal Landtechnik [Agricultural Engineering]  
  Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 24-33  
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  Abstract An Gitterstäben, die in der Pferdehaltung an verschiedenen Stellen verwendet werden, können sich Pferde verletzen, wenn sie ihre Köpfe oder ihre Hufe hindurchstecken und nicht zurückziehen können. Um das Verletzungsrisiko zu reduzieren sind lichte Weiten und Materialstärken von Gitterstäben so zu wählen, dass Pferdeköpfe und -hufe entweder nicht zwischen den Freiräumen hindurchpassen oder aber gefahrlos wieder zurückgezogen werden können. Die bisherige Forschung liefert jedoch keine belastbaren Aussagen zu Stababständen (senkrecht und waagerecht), die für Pferde ungefährlich sind. Die in der Praxis verwendeten und in der Literatur empfohlenen Gitterstababstände beruhen auf Erfahrungswerten und technischen Materialeigenschaften. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden Pferdeköpfe und -hufe von insgesamt 480 Pferden (233 Stuten, 204 Wallache und 43 Hengste) von 23 verschiedenen Rassen vermessen, um auf Grundlage der Anatomie der Pferde Aussagen über die Eignung von marktüblichen Stababständen in der Praxis treffen zu können. Es stellte sich heraus, dass bei senkrechten Gitterstäben eine lichte Weite von nicht mehr als 5 cm für alle Pferde ab einem Stockmaß von 110 cm und einem Alter von zwei Jahren als sicher bezeichnet werden kann. Bei waagerechten Gitterstäben erwies sich eine lichte Weite von genau 17 cm als sicher. Dies gilt für alle Pferde ab einem Alter von zwei Jahren oder ab einem Stockmaß von 148 cm.

Kritisch sind die lichten Weiten von Panels zu beurteilen. Hier zeigte sich, dass die handelsüblichen Abstände der Gitterstäbe für die meisten Pferde eine erhebliche Gefahr darstellen. Wenn die Pferde beispielsweise versuchen außerhalb der Panels zu fressen und dabei ihren Kopf durch die Gitterstäbe stecken, kann es leicht passieren, dass sie sich mit dem Kopf zwischen den Gitterstäben verklemmen.

[At bars, used in various places in horse husbandry, horses can hurt themselves when retracting their heads or hooves after pushing them through the interspaces. In order to reduce the risk of injury, the clear widths and material thicknesses of bars should be chosen so that horse heads and hooves either cannot pass between the spaces or can be retracted safely. However, research to date has not provided any reliable information on bar width (vertical and horizontal) that is safe for horses. Grid bar width used in practice and recommended in the literature is based on empirical values and technical material properties. In this study, heads and hooves of 480 horses (233 mares, 204 geldings and 43 stallions) of 23 breeds were measured for making statements about the suitability of standard bar width, when considering the anatomy of the horse. It turned out that for vertical bars, an interspace of no more than five centimetres can be considered to be safe for all horses of a height of 110 centimetres and an age of two years and more. With horizontal lattice bars, a clear width of exactly 17 centimetres proved to be safe. This applies to all horses of a height of 148 centimetres and an age of two years or more. The clear widths of panels must be considered critical for horse welfare. When horses, for example, try to eat outside the panels and put their head through the bars, they may get stuck.]		  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6595  
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Author Wallner, B.; Palmieri, N.; Vogl, C.; Rigler, D.; Bozlak, E.; Druml, T.; Jagannathan, V.; Leeb, T.; Fries, R.; Tetens, J.; Thaller, G.; Metzger, J.; Distl, O.; Lindgren, G.; Rubin, C.-J.; Andersson, L.; Schaefer, R.; McCue, M.; Neuditschko, M.; Rieder, S.; Schlötterer, C.; Brem, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Y Chromosome Uncovers the Recent Oriental Origin of Modern Stallions Type Journal Article
  Year 2017 Publication Current Biology Abbreviated Journal Current Biology  
  Volume 27 Issue 13 Pages 2029-2035.e5  
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  Abstract The Y chromosome directly reflects male genealogies, but the extremely low Y chromosome sequence diversity in horses has prevented the reconstruction of stallion genealogies [1, 2]. Here, we resolve the first Y chromosome genealogy of modern horses by screening 1.46 Mb of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) in 52 horses from 21 breeds. Based on highly accurate pedigree data, we estimated the de novo mutation rate of the horse MSY and showed that various modern horse Y chromosome lineages split much later than the domestication of the species. Apart from few private northern European haplotypes, all modern horse breeds clustered together in a roughly 700-year-old haplogroup that was transmitted to Europe by the import of Oriental stallions. The Oriental horse group consisted of two major subclades: the Original Arabian lineage and the Turkoman horse lineage. We show that the English Thoroughbred MSY was derived from the Turkoman lineage and that English Thoroughbred sires are largely responsible for the predominance of this haplotype in modern horses.  
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  Publisher Elsevier Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 0960-9822 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.086 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6669  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Wotschikowsky, U. openurl 
  Title (down) Wölfe und Jäger in der Oberlausitz Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Broschüre, Freundeskreis freilebender Wölfe Abbreviated Journal  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6691  
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Author Reinhardt, I.; Kluth, G.; Balzer, S.; Steyer, K. openurl 
  Title (down) Wolfsverursachte Schäden, Präventions- und Ausgleichszahlungen in Deutschland 2021 Type Manuscript
  Year 2022 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 41 Issue Pages  
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  Publisher DBBW-Dokumentations- und Beratungsstelle des Bundes zum Thema Wolf Place of Publication Görlitz, Deutschland Editor Markus Ritz  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6684  
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Author Capitani, C.; Chynoweth, M.; Kusak, J.; Çoban, E.; Sekercioglu, Ç.H. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Wolf diet in an agricultural landscape of north-eastern Turkey Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication Mammalia Abbreviated Journal Mammalia  
  Volume 80 Issue 3 Pages 329-334  
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  Series Editor Series Title Mammalia Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume 80 Series Issue 3 Edition  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6687  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Krueger, K.; Gruentjens, T.; Hempel, E. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Wolf contact in horses at permanent pasture in Germany Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Plos One Abbreviated Journal Plos One  
  Volume 18 Issue 8 Pages e0289767  
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  Abstract Wolves returned to Germany in 2000, leading to fear in German horse owners that their horses could be in danger of wolf attacks or panic-like escapes from pastures when sighting wolves. However, reports from southern European countries indicate that wolf predation on horses diminishes with increasing presence of wildlife. Therefore, we conducted a long-term, filed observation between January 2015 and July 2022 on 13 non breeding riding horses, mares and geldings, kept permanently on two pastures within the range of wildlife and a stable wolf pack with annual offspring. Wildlife cameras at the fences of the pastures made 984 times recordings of wolves and 3151 times recordings of wildlife in and around the pastures. Between 1 January 2022 and 23 March 2022 we observed two stable horse groups. Pasture 1 was grazed by five horses of mixed breed, four mares and one gelding, with the median age of 8 years (min. = 6y, max. = 29y). Pasture 2 was grazed by eight heavy warmbloods and draught horses, three mares and five geldings, with the median age of 16 years (min. = 13y, max. = 22y). During this period no wolf was recorded at pasture 2, but wild boar several times, whereas at pasture 1, wolves were recorded 89 times, and for the wildlife mostly hare. Wolves may have avoided pasture 2 because of the presence of wild boar or because the large group of older, heavy breed horses may have formed a stable, protective group. The latter needs to be confirmed in a follow-up field observation, which records anti-predator behavior and welfare indicators in horses. In conclusion, wolves did not attack the mature horses on pastures with plenty of wildlife and the horses did not respond to the presence of wolves with visible signs of reduced welfare or panic. This indicates that wolves may prefer to prey on easily accessible wildlife around and at horse pastures and that Central European horses become accustom to the presence of non-hunting wolves.  
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  Publisher Public Library of Science Place of Publication Editor  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6708  
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Author Hunt, G.R.; Gray R.D.; Taylor, A.H. openurl 
  Title (down) Why is tool use rare in animals? Type Book Whole
  Year 2013 Publication Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Cambridge University Press Place of Publication Cambridge, MA. Editor anz C, Call J, Boesch C  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6658  
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Author Imbert, C.; Caniglia, R.; Fabbri, E.; Milanesi, P.; Randi, E.; Serafini, M.; Torretta, E.; Meriggi, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Why do wolves eat livestock?: Factors influencing wolf diet in northern Italy Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 195 Issue Pages 156-168  
  Keywords Scat analysis; Feeding ecology; Prey selection; Wolf-human conflicts  
  Abstract Thanks to protection by law and increasing habitat restoration, wolves (Canis lupus) are currently re-colonizing Europe from the surviving populations of Russia, the Balkan countries, Spain and Italy, raising the need to update conservation strategies. A major conservation issue is to restore connections and gene flow among fragmented populations, thus contrasting the deleterious consequences of isolation. Wolves in Italy are expanding from the Apennines towards the Alps, crossing the Ligurian Mountains (northern Italy) and establishing connections with the Dinaric populations. Wolf expansion is threatened by poaching and incidental killings, mainly due to livestock depredations and conflicts with shepherds, which could limit the establishment of stable populations. Aiming to find out the factors affecting the use of livestock by wolves, in this study we determined the composition of wolf diet in Liguria. We examined 1457 scats collected from 2008 to 2013. Individual scats were genotyped using a non-invasive genetic procedure, and their content was determined using microscopical analyses. Wolves in Liguria consumed mainly wild ungulates (64.4%; in particular wild boar Sus scrofa and roe deer Capreolus capreolus) and, to a lesser extent, livestock (26.3%; in particular goats Capra hircus). We modeled the consumption of livestock using environmental features, wild ungulate community diversity, husbandry characteristics and wolf social organization (stable packs or dispersing individuals). Wolf diet varied according to years and seasons with an overall decrease of livestock and an increase of wild ungulate consumption, but also between packs and dispersing individuals with greater livestock consumption for the latter. The presence of stable packs, instead of dispersing wolves, the adoption of prevention measures on pastures, roe deer abundance, and the percentage of deciduous woods, reduced predation on livestock. Thus, we suggest promoting wild ungulate expansion, the use of prevention tools in pastures, and supporting wolf pack establishment, avoiding lethal control and poaching, to mitigate conflicts between wolf conservation and husbandry.  
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  ISSN 0006-3207 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6621  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Mori, E.; Benatti, L.; Lovari, S.; Ferretti, F. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) What does the wild boar mean to the wolf? Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication European Journal of Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 63 Issue 1 Pages 9  
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  Abstract Generalist predators are expected to shape their diets according to the local availability of prey species. In turn, the extent of consumption of a prey would be influenced by the number of alternative prey species. We have tested this prediction by considering the wild boar and the grey wolf: two widespread species whose distribution ranges overlap largely in Southern Europe, e.g. in Italy. We have reviewed 16 studies from a total of 21 study areas, to assess whether the absolute frequency of occurrence of wild boar in the wolf diet was influenced by (i) occurrence of the other ungulate species in diet and (ii) the number of available ungulate species. Wild boar turned out to be the main prey of the wolf (49% occurrence, on average), followed by roe deer (24%) and livestock (18%). Occurrence of wild boar in the wolf diet decreased with increasing usage of roe deer, livestock, and to a lower extent, chamois and red deer. The number of prey species did not influence the occurrence of wild boar in the wolf diet. The wild boar is a gregarious, noisy and often locally abundant ungulate, thus easily detectable, to a predator. In turn, the extent of predation on this ungulate may not be influenced so much by the availability of other potential prey. Heavy artificial reductions of wild boar numbers, e.g. through numerical control, may concentrate predation by wolves on alternative prey (e.g. roe deer) and/or livestock, thus increasing conflicts with human activities.  
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  ISSN 1439-0574 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Mori2016 Serial 6689  
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