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Author |
Bonin, S.J.; Clayton, H.M.; Lanovaz, J.L.; Johnston, T. |
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Title |
Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet. J. |
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Volume |
39 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages  |
258-262 |
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Keywords |
horse; temporomandibular joint; mastication; kinematics |
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Abstract |
Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous studies have suggested that temporomandibular joint (TMJ) kinematics depend on the type of food being masticated, but accurate measurements of TMJ motion in horses chewing different feeds have not been published. Hypothesis: The temporomandibular joint has a larger range of motion when horses chew hay compared to pellets. Methods: An optical motion capture system was used to track skin markers on the skull and mandible of 7 horses as they chewed hay and pellets. A virtual marker was created on the midline between the mandibles at the level of the 4th premolar teeth to represent the overall motion of the mandible relative to the skull during the chewing cycle. Results: Frequency of the chewing cycles was lower for hay than for pellets. Excursions of the virtual mandibular marker were significantly larger in all 3 directions when chewing hay compared to pellets. The mean velocity of the virtual mandibular marker during the chewing cycle was the same when chewing the 2 feeds. Conclusions: The range of mediolateral displacement of the mandible was sufficient to give full occlusal contact of the upper and lower dental arcades when chewing hay but not when chewing pellets. Potential relevance: These findings support the suggestion that horses receiving a diet high in concentrate feeds may require more frequent dental prophylactic examinations and treatments to avoid the development of dental irregularities associated with smaller mandibular excursions during chewing. |
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American Medical Association (AMA) |
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0425-1644 |
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doi: 10.2746/042516407X157792 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6513 |
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Author |
Amici, F.; Widdig, A.; Lehmann, J.; Majolo, B. |
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Title |
A meta-analysis of interindividual differences in innovation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
155 |
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Pages |
257-268 |
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Keywords |
age; bad competitor hypothesis; excess of energy hypothesis; innovation; interindividual differences; intraspecific variation; personality; rank; sex |
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Abstract |
The ability to innovate and the social transmission of innovations have played a central role in human evolution. However, innovation is also crucial for other animals, by allowing them to cope with novel socioecological challenges. Although innovation plays such a central role in animals' lives, we still do not know the conditions required for innovative behaviour to emerge. Here, we focused on interindividual differences in innovation by (1) extensively reviewing existing literature on innovative behaviour in animals and (2) quantitatively testing the different evolutionary hypotheses that have been proposed to explain interindividual variation in innovation propensity during foraging tasks. We ran a series of phylogenetically controlled mixed-effects meta-regression models to determine which hypotheses (if any) are supported by currently available empirical studies. Our analyses show that innovation is more common in individuals that are older and belong to the larger sex, but also in more neophilic and/or explorative individuals. Moreover, these effects change depending on the study setting (i.e. wild versus captive). Our results provide no clear support to the excess of energy or the bad competitor hypotheses and suggest that study setting and interindividual differences in traits related to personality are also important predictors of innovation. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6589 |
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Maury, M.; Murphy, K.; Kumar, S.; Mauerer, A.; Lee, G. |
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Title |
Spray-drying of proteins: effects of sorbitol and trehalose on aggregation and FT-IR amide I spectrum of an immunoglobulin G |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. |
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59 |
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2 |
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251-261 |
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Keywords |
Immunoglobulin; Spray-drying; Stabilization; Sorbitol; Trehalose; Water replacement |
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An immunoglobulin G (IgG) was spray-dried on a Büchi 190 laboratory spray-dryer at inlet and outlet air temperatures of 130 and 190°C, respectively. The IgG solution contains initially 115mg/ml IgG plus 50mg/ml sorbitol. After dialysis, at least 80% of low molecular weight component was removed. After spray-drying the dialyzed IgG and immediate redissolution of the powder, an increase in aggregates from 1 to 17% occurred. A major shift towards increase β-sheet structure was detected in the spray-dried solid, which, however, reverted to native structure on redissolution of the powder. A correlation between aggregation determined by size exclusion chromatography and alterations in secondary structure determined by Fourier transformation infra-red spectroscopy could not therefore be established. On spray-drying a non-dialyzed, sorbitol-containing IgG only some 0.7% aggregates were formed. The sorbitol is therefore evidently able to stabilize partially the IgG during the process of spray-drying. Addition of trehalose to the liquid feed produced quantitatively the same stabilizing action on the IgG during spray-drying as did the sorbitol. This finding again points towards a water replacement stabilization mechanism. The IgG spray-dried powder prepared from the dialyzed liquid feed showed continued substantial aggregation on dry storage at 25°C. This was substantially less in the non-dialyzed, sorbitol-containing spray-dried powder. Addition of trehalose to both dialyzed and non-dialyzed system produced substantial improvement in storage stability and reduction in aggregate formation in storage. The quantitative stabilizing effect of the trehalose was only slightly higher than that of the sorbitol. Taken together, these results indicate that both the sorbitol and trehalose stabilize the IgG primarily by a water replacement mechanism rather than by glassy immobilization. The relevance of this work is its questioning of the importance of the usually considered dominance of glassy stabilization of protein in dried systems of high glass transition temperature, such as trehalose. The low glass transition temperature sorbitol produces almost equal process and storage stability in this case. |
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0939-6411 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6515 |
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Palme, R.; Touma, C.; Arias, N., Dominchin, M.N.; Lepschy, M. |
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Title |
Steroid extraction: Get the best out of faecal samples |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Wiener Tierärztliche Wochenschriften |
Abbreviated Journal |
Wien Tierärztl Monat – Vet Med Austria |
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100 |
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238-246. |
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Review, faeces, extraction, non-invasive hormone monitoring, stress, reproduction. |
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Faecal steroid hormone metabolites are becoming increasingly popular as parameters for reproductive functions and stress. The extraction of the steroids from the faecal matrix represents the initial step before quantification can be performed. The steroid metabolites present in the faecal matrix are of varying polarity and composition, so selection of a proper extraction procedure is essential. There have been some studies to address this complex but often neglected point. Radiolabelled steroids (e.g. cortisol or progesterone) have frequently been added to faecal samples to estimate the efficiency of the extraction procedures used. However, native, unmetabolized steroids are normally not present in the faeces and therefore the results are artifi- cial and do not accurately reflect the actual recoveries of the substances of interest. In this respect, recovery experiments based on faecal samples from radiometabolism studies are more informative. In these samples, the metabolite content accurately reflects the mixture of metabolites present in the given species. As a result, it is possible to evaluate different extraction methods for use with faecal samples. We present studies on sheep, horses, pigs, hares and dogs that utilized samples containing naturally metabolized, 14C-labelled steroids. We recommend extracting faecal steroids by simply suspending the faeces in a high percentage of a primary alcohol (for glucocorticoid metabolites 80% aqueous methanol proved best suited for virtually all mammalian species tested so far). Not only does the procedure significantly increase the total amount of recovered radioactivity, it also increases the percentage of unconjugated metabolites, which are more likely to be recognized by the antibodies used in various immunoassays. The advantages of this extraction procedure are clear: it is very easy to use (no evaporation step is needed), it yields high recoveries and variation based on the extraction procedure is reduced to a minimum. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6520 |
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Author |
Lorenz, K. |
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Title |
Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1943 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
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5 |
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2 |
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235-409 |
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Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Abhandlung entspringt dem Aufgabenkreis einer jungen Arbeitsgemeinschaft zwischen Geisteswissenschaft und vergleichender Psychologie, die das wichtigste Programm des neugegründeten Philosophischen Institutes der Albertus-Universität in Königsberg darstellt. Sie ist aus der einen Abteilung dieser Anstalt, dem Institut für vergleichende Psychologie hervorgegangen. Obwohl sie eine ganze Reihe unveröffentlichter neuer Beobachtungen und Versuche enthält, stehen diese nicht genug im Mittelpunkte der Untersuchung, um eine Zusammenfassung von Ergebnissen in jener Form möglich zu machen, wie sie sonst in der induktiven Naturforschung üblich ist. Immerhin aber herrscht die induktive Denkweise in der vorliegenden Arbeit so stark vor, daß eine kurze Zusammenfassung angebracht erscbeint, wenn sie auch notgedrungen die Form einer kurzen Inhaltsangabe annehmea muß. |
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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
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0044-3573 |
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doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1943.tb00655.x |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6609 |
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Author |
Palme, R. |
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Title |
Non-invasive measurement of glucocorticoids: Advances and problems |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
Publication |
Physiology & Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
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199 |
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229-243 |
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Glucocorticoids; Non-invasive; Faecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolites; Immunoassays; Physiological/biological validation |
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Glucocorticoids (GCs; i.e. cortisol/corticosterone) are a central component of the stress response and thus their measurement is frequently used to evaluate the impact of stressful situations. Their metabolites from faeces of various animal species are more and more taken as a non-invasive aid to assess GC release and thus adrenocortical activity. The current literature review includes an extensive collection (1327 papers) and evaluation (see also Supplementary Tables) of the literature on faecal cortisol/corticosterone metabolite (FCM) analysis published to date. It aims at giving reference for researchers interested in implementing FCM analysis into their study or seeking to improve such methods by providing background knowledge on GC metabolism and excretion, conveying insights into methodological issues and stating caveats of FCM analysis and by highlighting prerequisites for and some examples of a successful application of such methods. Collecting faecal samples and analysing FCMs may appear simple and straightforward, but researchers have to select and apply methods correctly. They also need to be aware of the many pitfalls and potentially confounding factors and, last but not least, have to carefully interpret results. Applied properly, measurement of FCMs is a powerful non-invasive tool in a variety of research areas, such as (stress) biology, ethology, ecology, animal conservation and welfare, but also biomedicine. |
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0031-9384 |
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Notes |
Palme2019_attachment.pdf |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6517 |
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Author |
von Borstel, U.U.; Duncan, I.J.H.; Shoveller, A.K.; Merkies, K.; Keeling, L.J.; Millman, S.T. |
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Title |
Impact of riding in a coercively obtained Rollkur posture on welfare and fear of performance horses |
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2009 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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116 |
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2-4 |
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228-236 |
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Horse; Coercive riding; Welfare; Rollkur; Fear; Training |
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Rollkur, the usually coercively obtained hyperflexion of the horse's neck, is employed as a training method by some dressage riders; however, its use is controversial as it may cause discomfort and adversely affect the horse's welfare. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) if horses showed differences in stress, discomfort and fear responses as measured by heart rate and behaviour when ridden in Rollkur (R) obtained by pressure on the reins compared to regular poll flexion (i.e. with the nose-line being at or just in front of the vertical; N), and (2) if they showed a preference between the two riding styles when given the choice. Fifteen riding horses were ridden 30 times through a Y-maze randomly alternating between sides. Riding through one arm of the Y-maze was always followed by a short round ridden in R, whereas riding through the other arm was followed by a short round ridden in N. Immediately after the conditioning phase, horses were again repeatedly ridden into the maze; however, riders left it to the horse to decide which arm of the maze to enter. During R, horses moved slower and showed more often behavioural signs of discomfort, such as tail-swishing, head-tossing or attempted bucks (P < 0.05), and 14 of the 15 horses chose significantly (P < 0.05) more often the maze-arm associated with N rather than R. Subsequently, eight of the horses were also subjected to two fear tests following a short ride in N as well as a ride in R. During R, horses tended to react stronger (P = 0.092) to the fear stimuli and to take longer (P = 0.087) to approach them. These findings indicate that a coercively obtained Rollkur position may be uncomfortable for horses and that it makes them more fearful and therefore potentially more dangerous to ride. Further studies need to assess horses' reaction to gradual training of Rollkur, as opposed to a coercively obtained hyperflexion, in order to decide whether the practice should be banned. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5096 |
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Author |
Baragli, P.; Vitale, V.; Paoletti, E.; Sighieri, C.; Reddon, A.R. |
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Title |
Detour behaviour in horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Journal of Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Ethol. |
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29 |
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2 |
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227-234 |
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Detour behaviour; Equus caballus; Horses; Lateralization; Spatial reasoning |
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The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of horses (Equus caballus) to detour around symmetric and asymmetric obstacles. Ten female Italian saddle horses were each used in three detour tasks. In the first task, the ability to detour around a symmetrical obstacle was evaluated; in the second and third tasks subjects were required to perform a detour around an asymmetrical obstacle with two different degrees of asymmetry. The direction chosen to move around the obstacle and time required to make the detour were recorded. The results suggest that horses have the spatial abilities required to perform detour tasks with both symmetric and asymmetric obstacles. The strategy used to perform the task varied between subjects. For five horses, lateralized behaviour was observed when detouring the obstacle; this was consistently in one direction (three on the left and two on the right). For these horses, no evidence of spatial learning or reasoning was found. The other five horses did not solve this task in a lateralized manner, and a trend towards decreasing lateralization was observed as asymmetry, and hence task difficulty, increased. These non-lateralized horses may have higher spatial reasoning abilities. |
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Springer Japan |
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English |
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0289-0771 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5686 |
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Irving-Pease, E.K.; Ryan, H.; Jamieson, A.; Dimopoulos, E.A.; Larson, G.; Frantz, L.A.F. |
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Title |
Paleogenomics of Animal Domestication |
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Book Chapter |
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2019 |
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Paleogenomics: Genome-Scale Analysis of Ancient DNA |
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225-272 |
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Starting with dogs, over 15,000 years ago, the domestication of animals has been central in the development of modern societies. Because of its importance for a range of disciplines – including archaeology, biology and the humanities – domestication has been studied extensively. This chapter reviews how the field of paleogenomics has revolutionised, and will continue to revolutionise, our understanding of animal domestication. We discuss how the recovery of ancient DNA from archaeological remains is allowing researchers to overcome inherent shortcomings arising from the analysis of modern DNA alone. In particular, we show how DNA, extracted from ancient substrates, has proven to be a crucial source of information to reconstruct the geographic and temporal origin of domestic species. We also discuss how ancient DNA is being used by geneticists and archaeologists to directly observe evolutionary changes linked to artificial and natural selection to generate a richer understanding of this fascinating process. |
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Springer International Publishing |
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Cham |
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Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O.P. |
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978-3-030-04753-5 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Irving-Pease2019 |
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6583 |
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Kuczaj, S. A; Makecha, R.; Trone, M.; Paulos, R. D; Ramos, J. A. |
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Title |
Role of Peers in Cultural Innovation and Cultural Transmission: Evidence from the Play of Dolphin Calves |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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International Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Comp. Psychol |
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19 |
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2 |
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223-240 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6526 |
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