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Author  |
Aberle, K.S.; Hamann, H.; Drögemüller, C.; Distl, O. |
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Title |
Genetic diversity in German draught horse breeds compared with a group of primitive, riding and wild horses by means of microsatellite DNA markers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Gen. |
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35 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
270-277 |
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Keywords |
diversity; endangered breeds; genetic variation; horse; microsatellite |
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Abstract |
Summary We compared the genetic diversity and distance among six German draught horse breeds to wild (Przewalski's Horse), primitive (Icelandic Horse, Sorraia Horse, Exmoor Pony) or riding horse breeds (Hanoverian Warmblood, Arabian) by means of genotypic information from 30 microsatellite loci. The draught horse breeds included the South German Coldblood, Rhenish German Draught Horse, Mecklenburg Coldblood, Saxon Thuringa Coldblood, Black Forest Horse and Schleswig Draught Horse. Despite large differences in population sizes, the average observed heterozygosity (Ho) differed little among the heavy horse breeds (0.64�0.71), but was considerably lower than in the Hanoverian Warmblood or Icelandic Horse population. The mean number of alleles (NA) decreased more markedly with declining population sizes of German draught horse breeds (5.2�6.3) but did not reach the values of Hanoverian Warmblood (NA = 6.7). The coefficient of differentiation among the heavy horse breeds showed 11.6% of the diversity between the heavy horse breeds, as opposed to 21.2% between the other horse populations. The differentiation test revealed highly significant genetic differences among all draught horse breeds except the Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldbloods. The Schleswig Draught Horse was the most distinct draught horse breed. In conclusion, the study demonstrated a clear distinction among the German draught horse breeds and even among breeds with a very short history of divergence like Rhenish German Draught Horse and its East German subpopulations Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldblood. |
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Blackwell Science Ltd |
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1365-2052 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5184 |
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Ahrendt, L.P.; Labouriau, R.; Malmkvist, J.; Nicol, C.J.; Christensen, J.W. |
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Title |
Development of a standard test to assess negative reinforcement learning in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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169 |
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38-42 |
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Algometry; Horse behaviour; Learning performance; Operant conditioning; Pressure-release; Horse training |
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Most horses are trained by negative reinforcement. Currently, however, no standardised test for evaluating horses' negative reinforcement learning ability is available. The aim of this study was to develop an objective test to investigate negative reinforcement learning in horses. Twenty-four Icelandic horses (3 years old) were included in this study. The horses were tested in a pressure-release task on three separate days with 10, 7 and 5 trials on each side, respectively. Each trial consisted of pressure being applied on the hindquarter with an algometer. The force of the pressure was increased until the horse moved laterally away from the point of pressure. There was a significant decrease in required force over trials on the first test day (P<0.001), but not the second and third day. The intercepts on days 2 and 3 differed significantly from day 1 (P<0.001), but not each other. Significantly stronger force was required on the right side compared to the left (P<0.001), but there was no difference between first and second side tested (P=0.56). Individual performance was evaluated by median-force and the change in force over trials on the first test day. These two measures may explain different characteristics of negative reinforcement learning. In conclusion, this study presents a novel, standardised test for evaluating negative reinforcement learning ability in horses. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6650 |
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Albiach-Serrano, A.; Bräuer, J.; Cacchione, T.; Zickert, N.; Amici, F. |
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The effect of domestication and ontogeny in swine cognition (Sus scrofa scrofa and S. s. domestica) |
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2012 |
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Appl Anim Behav Sci |
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141 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Albiach-Serrano2012 |
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6329 |
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Aldezabal, A.; Garin, I. |
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Browsing preference of feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in a Mediterranean mountain scrubland |
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2000 |
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J Arid Env |
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44 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Aldezabal2000 |
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6256 |
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Amici, F.; Widdig, A.; Lehmann, J.; Majolo, B. |
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Title |
A meta-analysis of interindividual differences in innovation |
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2019 |
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Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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155 |
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257-268 |
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age; bad competitor hypothesis; excess of energy hypothesis; innovation; interindividual differences; intraspecific variation; personality; rank; sex |
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The ability to innovate and the social transmission of innovations have played a central role in human evolution. However, innovation is also crucial for other animals, by allowing them to cope with novel socioecological challenges. Although innovation plays such a central role in animals' lives, we still do not know the conditions required for innovative behaviour to emerge. Here, we focused on interindividual differences in innovation by (1) extensively reviewing existing literature on innovative behaviour in animals and (2) quantitatively testing the different evolutionary hypotheses that have been proposed to explain interindividual variation in innovation propensity during foraging tasks. We ran a series of phylogenetically controlled mixed-effects meta-regression models to determine which hypotheses (if any) are supported by currently available empirical studies. Our analyses show that innovation is more common in individuals that are older and belong to the larger sex, but also in more neophilic and/or explorative individuals. Moreover, these effects change depending on the study setting (i.e. wild versus captive). Our results provide no clear support to the excess of energy or the bad competitor hypotheses and suggest that study setting and interindividual differences in traits related to personality are also important predictors of innovation. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6589 |
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Amodio, P.; Boeckle, M.; Schnell, A.K.; Ostojic, L.; Fiorito, G.; Clayton, N.S. |
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Title |
Grow Smart and Die Young: Why Did Cephalopods Evolve Intelligence? |
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2018 |
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Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
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Trends. Ecol. Evol. |
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Intelligence in large-brained vertebrates might have evolved through independent, yet similar processes based on comparable socioecological pressures and slow life histories. This convergent evolutionary route, however, cannot explain why cephalopods developed large brains and flexible behavioural repertoires: cephalopods have fast life histories and live in simple social environments. Here, we suggest that the loss of the external shell in cephalopods (i) caused a dramatic increase in predatory pressure, which in turn prevented the emergence of slow life histories, and (ii) allowed the exploitation of novel challenging niches, thus favouring the emergence of intelligence. By highlighting convergent and divergent aspects between cephalopods and large-brained vertebrates we illustrate how the evolution of intelligence might not be constrained to a single evolutionary route. |
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Elsevier |
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0169-5347 |
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doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.10.010 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6508 |
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Author |
Apollonio, M.; Mattioli, L.; Scandura, M.; Mauri, L.; Gazzola, A.; Avanzinelli, E. |
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Wolves in the Casentinesi Forests: insights for wolf conservation in Italy from a protected area with a rich wild prey community |
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2004 |
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Biol Conserv |
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120 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Apollonio2004 |
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6475 |
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Author |
Arnold, C.; Krüger, K.; Bojer, M. |
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Die Wirkung von Yoga auf Reiterinnen. |
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2020 |
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Xenophon Verlag |
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Wald |
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9783956250057 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6655 |
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Author |
Bachmann, I.; Audige, L.; Stauffacher, M. |
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Title |
Risk factors associated with behavioural disorders of crib-biting, weaving and box-walking in Swiss horses |
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2003 |
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Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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35 |
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2 |
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158-163 |
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Keywords |
Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Data Collection; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention & control; Horses; *Housing, Animal; Male; Mental Disorders/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control/*veterinary; Prevalence; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; *Stereotyped Behavior; Switzerland/epidemiology |
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Studies on the prevalence of behavioural disorders in horses and on associated risk factors have revealed inconsistent results. There are many studies on the neuropharmacological, surgical or mechanical therapy of stereotypies, but little is known about their causation. OBJECTIVES: To explore risk factors associated with the occurrence of behavioural disorders in horses. METHODS: A sample of horse owners, selected randomly and representative for Switzerland, was contacted in a postal survey. Answers were provided for 622 stables (response rate 35.2%). Individual data of 2,341 horses were examined with path analysis (multivariable linear and logistic regression), and adjustment made for possible confounding effects due to age and breed. RESULTS: Out of 60 possible risk factors, 11 were associated with the outcome at the univariable level (null-hypothesis path model) and 3 factors remained after the backward logistic regression procedure. Mature Warmbloods and Thoroughbreds, assessed by the owners to be reactive, fed 4 times a day and without daily pasture, had increased odds of displaying crib-biting, weaving and box-walking. Furthermore, indirect associations of 5 factors with the outcome were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The final logistic regression model of risk factors leads to the hypotheses that causal prevention of stereotypic behaviours should be based upon housing and management conditions which allow tactile contact with other horses (e.g. mutual grooming), daily free movement (paddock or pasture), as well as the provision of high amounts of roughage but of little or no concentrates. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is one of the aims of population medicine to prevent the development of behavioural disorders. Further research is needed to test the concluding hypotheses in experimental studies or to verify them in the context of similar observational studies. |
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Institute of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), LFW B55. 1, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland |
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English |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:12638792 |
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1907 |
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Author |
Baciadonna, L.; McElligott, A.G.; Briefer, E.F. |
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Goats favour personal over social information in an experimental foraging task |
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2013 |
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Peer J |
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1 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Baciadonna2013 |
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6269 |
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