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	Author	Zebisch, A.; May, A.; Reese, S.; Gehlen, H.
	Title	Effect of different head-neck positions on physical and psychological stress parameters in the ridden horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition	Abbreviated Journal	J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr
	Volume	98	Issue	5	Pages	901-907
	Keywords	hyperflexion; head-neck position; stress; training; animal welfare
	Abstract	Summary Different head?neck positions (HNPs) are used in equestrian sports and are regarded as desirable for training and competition by riders, judges and trainers. Even though some studies have been indicative of hyperflexion having negative effects on horses, this unnatural position is frequently used. In the present study, the influence of different HNPs on physical and psychological stress parameters in the ridden horse was investigated. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and blood cortisol levels were measured in 18 horses. Low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) are power components in the frequency domain measurement of HRV which show the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Values were recorded at rest, while riding with a working HNP and while riding with hyperflexion of the horse's head, neck and poll. In addition, rideability and behaviour during the different investigation stages were evaluated by the rider and by an observer. Neither the HR nor the HRV showed a significant difference between working HNP (HR = 105 ± 22/min; LF/HF = 3.89 ± 5.68; LF = 37.28 ± 10.77%) and hyperflexion (HR = 110 ± 18; LF/HF = 1.94 ± 2.21; LF = 38.39 ± 13.01%). Blood cortisol levels revealed a significant increase comparing working HNP (158 ± 60 nm) and hyperflexion (176 ± 64 nm, p = 0.01). The evaluation of rider and observer resulted in clear changes of rideability and behavioural changes for the worse in all parameters collected between a working HNP and hyperflexion. In conclusion, changes of the cortisol blood level as a physical parameter led to the assumption that hyperflexion of head, neck and poll effects a stress reaction in the horse, and observation of the behaviour illustrates adverse effects on the well-being of horses during hyperflexion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0931-2439	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/jpn.12155			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6427
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	Author	Morgan, K.; Funkquist, P.; Nyman, G.
	Title	The effect of coat clipping on thermoregulation during intense exercise in trotters			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Veterinary Journal
	Volume	34	Issue	S34	Pages	564-567
	Keywords	horse; thermoregulation; heat loss; recovery; blood temperature; oxygen uptake
	Abstract	Summary The aim of this study was to study the physiological, especially thermoregulatory, responses during intense exercise in the clipped horse compared to the horse with winter coat. Six Standardbred trotters were studied before and after clipping. They performed an inclined incremental high intensity treadmill exercise test and were monitored during recovery. The clipped horse differed significantly (ANOVA) during exercise as compare to coated: less increase in central venous blood temperature, higher skin surface temperature, greater difference skin to ambient temperature and higher rate of nonevaporative heat loss. The clipped horse had significantly lower total cutaneous evaporative heat loss from walk to end of peak exercise and a shorter time for recovery for the respiratory rate using a paired t test. The clipped horse showed a tendency (P = 0.059) to decreased oxygen uptake during the stepwise increase in workload. We concluded that the clipped horse experienced less strain on the thermoregulatory system due to an enhanced heat loss. Some clipped horses in the study showed a more efficient power output; future studies with emphasis on respiration and oxygen demand are needed to explain this.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Medical Association (AMA)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05484.x			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6614
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	Author	Rutberg, A.T.
	Title	Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Ethology
	Volume	75	Issue	2	Pages	145-154
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract Horse flies (Tabanidae) on and around feral ponies in harem groups were counted at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland, U.S.A., between June and August 1985. Harem stallions attracted the most flies; adult mares showed intermediate fly numbers, while few flies landed on foals under any circumstances. The use of thermal and chemical cues by flies selecting a host may have helped create this disparity. When flies were abundant, ponies reduced spacing within the group. Ponies in larger groups suffered from fewer flies than ponies in smaller groups. There was, however, no evidence that ponies merged into larger groups in response to fly harassment, suggesting that biting flies play little role in structuring pony social organization.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0179-1613	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1987.tb00648.x			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6417
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	Author	Lorenz, K.
	Title	Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1943	Publication	Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie	Abbreviated Journal	Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	235-409
	Keywords
	Abstract	Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Abhandlung entspringt dem Aufgabenkreis einer jungen Arbeitsgemeinschaft zwischen Geisteswissenschaft und vergleichender Psychologie, die das wichtigste Programm des neugegründeten Philosophischen Institutes der Albertus-Universität in Königsberg darstellt. Sie ist aus der einen Abteilung dieser Anstalt, dem Institut für vergleichende Psychologie hervorgegangen. Obwohl sie eine ganze Reihe unveröffentlichter neuer Beobachtungen und Versuche enthält, stehen diese nicht genug im Mittelpunkte der Untersuchung, um eine Zusammenfassung von Ergebnissen in jener Form möglich zu machen, wie sie sonst in der induktiven Naturforschung üblich ist. Immerhin aber herrscht die induktive Denkweise in der vorliegenden Arbeit so stark vor, daß eine kurze Zusammenfassung angebracht erscbeint, wenn sie auch notgedrungen die Form einer kurzen Inhaltsangabe annehmea muß.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0044-3573	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1943.tb00655.x			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6609
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	Author	Bond III, E.U.; Walker, B.A.; Hutt, M.D.; Reingen, P.H.
	Title	Reputational Effectiveness in Cross-Functional Working Relationships			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of Product Innovation Management	Abbreviated Journal	‎J. Prod. Innov. Manag.
	Volume	21	Issue	1	Pages	44-60
	Keywords
	Abstract	The work of innovation management involves cross-functional coordination among specialists and managers with different work orientations, time horizons, professional backgrounds, and values (Ford and Randolph, 1992). While strong connections across functions are critical for new product development success (Green et al., 2000), some managers may be more adept at fostering effective cross-functional relationships than others. In this article, the authors empirically examine the factors that distinguish reputationally effective innovation workers from their less effective peers. Drawing on the work of Tsui (1984, 1994), reputational effectiveness is defined as the degree to which a manager has been responsive to the needs and expectations of constituents. This research examines the relational skills and interaction patterns of more (versus less) reputationally effective managers. A large business unit of a Fortune 500 telecommunications firm provided the context for our study. Using a two-phase approach, the authors first captured the social network patterns of 268 managers from marketing, research and development (R&D), manufacturing, and other business functions that were involved in the new product development process. In addition, the reputational effectiveness of each person who was identified as a member of the network was measured. In the second phase, the authors examined the relational competencies (e.g., role-taking ability, interpersonal control, openness) of the managers who participated in Phase I of the research. As predicted, the results indicate that role-taking ability is related positively to a manager's reputational effectiveness. No support, however, was found for the relationship between interpersonal control and reputational effectiveness. Interestingly, the authors found evidence of an inverse relationship between openness and effectiveness. By sharing too much information?or alternatively information that does not relate to the task at hand?the reputational effectiveness of a manager is damaged. Importantly, the results reveal that the social network characteristics of a reputationally effective manager differ from those of less effective managers. Closeness centrality, a measure of the degree of access one has to other organizational members, was associated strongly with reputational effectiveness. The results demonstrate that managers who are successful in working across functions appreciate the cognitive and emotional perspectives of diverse constituents and develop relationship ties that provide them with ready access to others across the organization.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0737-6782	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/j.0737-6782.2004.00053.x			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6540
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	Author	López-Bao, J.V.; Sazatornil, V.; Llaneza, L.; Rodríguez, A.
	Title	Indirect Effects on Heathland Conservation and Wolf Persistence of Contradictory Policies that Threaten Traditional Free-Ranging Horse Husbandry			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Conservation Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Conservation Letters
	Volume	6	Issue	6	Pages	448-455
	Keywords	Farmland biodiversity; heathlands; integration of environmental policies; management of livestock carcasses; traditional land uses; wolf conservation
	Abstract	Abstract Conservation agencies within the European Union promote the restoration of traditional land uses as a cost-effective way to preserve biodiversity outside reserves. Although the European Union pursues the integration of the environment into strategic decision-making, it also dictates sectoral policies that may damage farmland biodiversity. We illustrate this point by outlining the socioeconomic factors that allow the persistence of traditional free-ranging horse husbandry in Galicia, northwestern Spain. Free-ranging Galician mountain ponies provide ecological and socioeconomic services including the prevention of forest fires, the maintenance of heathlands and wolves, and the attenuation of wolf-human conflicts. This traditional livestock system may have persisted because it entails negligible costs for farmers. Wolf predation upon Galician mountain ponies does not threaten farmer's economies and seems to be tolerated better than attacks to more valuable stock. Recently, European Union's regulations on animal welfare, carcass management, or meat production put new economic and administrative burdens on farmers, make free-ranging horse rearing economically unsustainable, and incentivize its abandonment. The aim of the European Union to integrate environmental policies may be successful to preserve farmland biodiversity only through careful anticipation of the side effects of apparently unrelated regulations on the fragile equilibrium that sustain traditional land uses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1755-263x	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/conl.12014			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6622
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	Author	Schino, G.; Aureli, F.
	Title	Reciprocity in group-living animals: partner control versus partner choice			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Biological Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Biol Rev
	Volume	92	Issue	2	Pages	665-672
	Keywords	cooperation; reciprocity; partner control; partner choice; proximate mechanisms
	Abstract	ABSTRACT Reciprocity is probably the most debated of the evolutionary explanations for cooperation. Part of the confusion surrounding this debate stems from a failure to note that two different processes can result in reciprocity: partner control and partner choice. We suggest that the common observation that group-living animals direct their cooperative behaviours preferentially to those individuals from which they receive most cooperation is to be interpreted as the result of the sum of the two separate processes of partner control and partner choice. We review evidence that partner choice is the prevalent process in primates and propose explanations for this pattern. We make predictions that highlight the need for studies that separate the effects of partner control and partner choice in a broader variety of group-living taxa.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1464-7931	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/brv.12248			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6411
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	Author	Broekhuis, F.; Madsen, E.K.; Klaassen, B.
	Title	Predators and pastoralists: how anthropogenic pressures inside wildlife areas influence carnivore space use and movement behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Animal Conservation	Abbreviated Journal	Anim Conserv
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	cheetah; livestock; movement; human pressure; protected areas; space use
	Abstract	Abstract Across the globe, wildlife populations and their behaviours are negatively impacted by people. Protected areas are believed to be an antidote to increasing human pressures but even they are not immune to the impact of anthropogenic activities. Areas that have been set aside for the protection of wildlife therefore warrant more attention when investigating the impact of anthropogenic pressures on wildlife. We use cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus as a case study to explore how a large carnivore responds to anthropogenic pressures inside wildlife areas. Using GPS-collar data we investigate cheetah space use, both when moving and stationary, and movement parameters (speed and turn angles) in relation to human disturbance, distance to human settlement, livestock abundance and livestock site use inside wildlife areas. Space use was negatively influenced by human disturbance, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation and potentially reducing landscape permeability between neighbouring wildlife areas. Cheetahs were also less likely to stop in areas where livestock numbers were high, but more likely to stop in areas that were frequently used by livestock. The latter could reflect that cheetahs are attracted to livestock however, cheetahs in the study area rarely predated on livestock. It is therefore more likely that areas that are frequently used by livestock attract wild herbivores, which in turn could influence cheetah space use. We did not find any effects of people and livestock on cheetahs? speed and turn angles which might be related to the resolution of the data. We found that cheetahs are sensitive to human pressures and we believe that they could be an indicator species for other large carnivores facing similar challenges. We suggest that further research is needed to determine the levels of anthropogenic pressures needed to maintain ecological integrity, especially inside wildlife areas.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1367-9430	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/acv.12483			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6522
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	Author	Strien, A.J.; Swaay, C.A.M.; Termaat, T.
	Title	Opportunistic citizen science data of animal species produce reliable estimates of distribution trends if analysed with occupancy models			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Journal of Applied Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Ecol
	Volume	50	Issue	6	Pages	1450-1458
	Keywords	Bayesian inference; citizen science; detection; distribution; hierarchical modelling; Jags; monitoring; site occupancy
	Abstract	Summary Many publications documenting large-scale trends in the distribution of species make use of opportunistic citizen data, that is, observations of species collected without standardized field protocol and without explicit sampling design. It is a challenge to achieve reliable estimates of distribution trends from them, because opportunistic citizen science data may suffer from changes in field efforts over time (observation bias), from incomplete and selective recording by observers (reporting bias) and from geographical bias. These, in addition to detection bias, may lead to spurious trends. We investigated whether occupancy models can correct for the observation, reporting and detection biases in opportunistic data. Occupancy models use detection/nondetection data and yield estimates of the percentage of occupied sites (occupancy) per year. These models take the imperfect detection of species into account. By correcting for detection bias, they may simultaneously correct for observation and reporting bias as well. We compared trends in occupancy (or distribution) of butterfly and dragonfly species derived from opportunistic data with those derived from standardized monitoring data. All data came from the same grid squares and years, in order to avoid any geographical bias in this comparison. Distribution trends in opportunistic and monitoring data were well-matched. Strong trends observed in monitoring data were rarely missed in opportunistic data. Synthesis and applications. Opportunistic data can be used for monitoring purposes if occupancy models are used for analysis. Occupancy models are able to control for the common biases encountered with opportunistic data, enabling species trends to be monitored for species groups and regions where it is not feasible to collect standardized data on a large scale. Opportunistic data may thus become an important source of information to track distribution trends in many groups of species.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8901	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12158			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6437
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	Author	Tebbich Sabine; Griffin Andrea S.; Peschl Markus F.; Sterelny Kim
	Title	From mechanisms to function: an integrated framework of animal innovation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
	Volume	371	Issue	1690	Pages	20150195
	Keywords
	Abstract	Animal innovations range from the discovery of novel food types to the invention of completely novel behaviours. Innovations can give access to new opportunities, and thus enable innovating agents to invade and create novel niches. This in turn can pave the way for morphological adaptation and adaptive radiation. The mechanisms that make innovations possible are probably as diverse as the innovations themselves. So too are their evolutionary consequences. Perhaps because of this diversity, we lack a unifying framework that links mechanism to function. We propose a framework for animal innovation that describes the interactions between mechanism, fitness benefit and evolutionary significance, and which suggests an expanded range of experimental approaches. In doing so, we split innovation into factors (components and phases) that can be manipulated systematically, and which can be investigated both experimentally and with correlational studies. We apply this framework to a selection of cases, showing how it helps us ask more precise questions and design more revealing experiments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Royal Society	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0195			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6557
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