Records |
Author |
Bonin, S.J.; Clayton, H.M.; Lanovaz, J.L.; Johnston, T. |
Title |
Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet. J. |
Volume |
39 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
258-262 |
Keywords |
horse; temporomandibular joint; mastication; kinematics |
Abstract |
Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous studies have suggested that temporomandibular joint (TMJ) kinematics depend on the type of food being masticated, but accurate measurements of TMJ motion in horses chewing different feeds have not been published. Hypothesis: The temporomandibular joint has a larger range of motion when horses chew hay compared to pellets. Methods: An optical motion capture system was used to track skin markers on the skull and mandible of 7 horses as they chewed hay and pellets. A virtual marker was created on the midline between the mandibles at the level of the 4th premolar teeth to represent the overall motion of the mandible relative to the skull during the chewing cycle. Results: Frequency of the chewing cycles was lower for hay than for pellets. Excursions of the virtual mandibular marker were significantly larger in all 3 directions when chewing hay compared to pellets. The mean velocity of the virtual mandibular marker during the chewing cycle was the same when chewing the 2 feeds. Conclusions: The range of mediolateral displacement of the mandible was sufficient to give full occlusal contact of the upper and lower dental arcades when chewing hay but not when chewing pellets. Potential relevance: These findings support the suggestion that horses receiving a diet high in concentrate feeds may require more frequent dental prophylactic examinations and treatments to avoid the development of dental irregularities associated with smaller mandibular excursions during chewing. |
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American Medical Association (AMA) |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0425-1644 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
doi: 10.2746/042516407X157792 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6513 |
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Author |
Murphy, J.; Arkins, S. |
Title |
Laterality and visuo-spatial ability in the equine: Functional measures of sport horse selection? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
BSAP Occasional Publication |
Abbreviated Journal |
BSAP Occasional Publication |
Volume |
35 |
Issue |
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Pages |
159-170 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Laterality in any organism or species can be manifest as morphological, sensory and functional degrees of asymmetry such as hemispheric dominance, handedness or sidedness and other motor functional behaviours and as such is equally important in equitation. The influence of the horses' sex on both the direction and the degree of the laterality was explored within and between 4 experimental procedures in the 1st study. The findings showed that the direction, but not the degree of idiosyncratic motor preference in the horses was strongly sex-related. Male horses exhibited significantly more left lateralized responses and female horses exhibited significantly more right lateralized responses. Visuo-spatial ability is also likely to be important in the performance horse. In many species, moderate to large differences in visuo-spatial ability have been reported between the sexes, with superior visuo-spatial ability being reported in males of all species investigated to date. As no known studies had addressed visuo-spatial ability in the equine, the objective of the 2nd study, was to determine if visuo-spatial ability differed between male and female horses. The results produced the first behavioural demonstration of superior visuo-spatial ability in male horses, similar to that reported in other species. There is evidence to suggest that visuospatial ability and motor laterality are associated with cerebral hemispheric asymmetry and may be intrinsically linked. Brain development and laterality have also been associated with hair patterning, and, in a 3rd study we attempted to identify predictors of lateral bias in motor behaviour in horses. We investigated the relationship between the direction of facial hair whorl rotation and the incidence/direction of laterality in the horse. The findings suggest that direction of facial hair whorl rotation may be a useful indicator of lateralised motor behavioural preferences in the horse. We then attempted to establish if laterality was evident at birth in a 4th study, where we explored if neonatal foals exhibited lateralised patterns during and immediately post the birthing process that were correlated with their facial hair whorl patterns. The results showed a significant association between the sex of the foal and the choice of foreleg presented initially during 2nd stage parturition. Significantly more colt foals led with the left foreleg and significantly more filly foals led with the right foreleg than expected purely by random and the behaviour was correlated with facial hair whorl patterns. The findings also suggest that lateralisation in the horse is determined in utero as has also been shown in humans. Comparisons of wholly intact male and female horses are warranted as they might elucidate additional linkages between motor behaviour, visuo-spatial ability and brain organisation and development in the horse. Further research in this area could lead to more appropriate competition conditions (better fence design/construction on cross-country tracks) and so eliminate unnecessary levels of risk associated with many equestrian sports. |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
2018/02/27 |
ISSN |
0263-967x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6512 |
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Author |
Stecken, Paul |
Title |
Bemerkungen und Zusammenhänge |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2015 |
Publication |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Publisher |
FNverlag der Deutschen Reiterlichen Vereinigung GmbH |
Place of Publication |
wARENDORF |
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ISBN |
978-3-88542-889-3 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6511 |
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Author |
Sigurjónsdóttir, H.; Haraldsson, H. |
Title |
Significance of Group Composition for the Welfare of Pastured Horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
14 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
horse welfare; aggression; allogrooming; pastured horses; Icelandic horse |
Abstract |
We explore how herd composition and management factors correlate with frequencies of social interactions in horse groups. Since the welfare of horses correlates with low aggression levels and social contact opportunities, information of this kind is important. The data are a collection of records of social interactions of 426 Icelandic horses in 20 groups of at least eight horses. The complexities and limitations of the data prohibit useful statistical modelling so the results are presented descriptively. Interesting and informative patterns emerge which can be of use both in management and in future studies. Of special interest are the low levels of agonistic behaviours in breeding groups where one stallion was present. The horses were less agonistic when in groups with young foals and where group membership was stable. Unfamiliar yearlings in peer groups were especially aggressive. Allogrooming was most frequent in groups with relatively more young horses and in unstable and small groups. Interestingly, the horses allogroomed more if they had few preferred allogrooming partners. The findings show that composition (age/sex) and stability of groups are of great importance with respect to aggression levels and opportunities for establishing bonds. |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
Animals |
Series Volume |
9 |
Series Issue |
1 |
Edition |
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ISSN |
2076-2615 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6510 |
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Author |
Plumer, L.; Talvi, T.; Männil, P.; Saarma, U. |
Title |
Assessing the roles of wolves and dogs in livestock predation with suggestions for mitigating human-wildlife conflict and conservation of wolves |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Conservation Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conservat. Genet. |
Volume |
19 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
665-672 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Predation on livestock is a cause of serious and long-lasting conflict between farmers and wildlife, promoting negative public attitudes and endangering conservation of large carnivores. However, while large carnivores, especially the grey wolf (Canis lupus), are often blamed for killing sheep and other farm animals, free-ranging dogs may also act as predators. To develop appropriate measures for livestock protection, reliable methods for identifying predator species are critical. Identification of predators from visual examination of livestock wounds can be ambiguous and genetic analysis is strongly preferable for accurate species determination. To estimate the proportion of wolves and dogs implicated in sheep predation, we developed a sensitive genetic assay to distinguish between wolves and domestic dogs. A total of 183 predator saliva samples collected from killed sheep in Estonia were analysed. The assay identified the predator species in 143 cases (78%). Sheep were most often killed by wolves (81%); however, predation by dogs was substantial (15%). We compared the molecular results with field observations conducted by local environmental officials and recorded some disagreement, with the latter underestimating the role of dogs. As predator saliva samples collected from prey are often of poor quality, we suggest using mitochondrial DNA as a primary tool to maximise the number of successfully analysed samples. We also suggest adopting forensic DNA analysis more widely in livestock predation assessments as a legislative measure since misidentification that is biased against wolves can be counterproductive for conservation by enhancing conflict with society and leading to increased culling and poaching. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1572-9737 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ Plumer2018 |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6509 |
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Author |
Amodio, P.; Boeckle, M.; Schnell, A.K.; Ostojic, L.; Fiorito, G.; Clayton, N.S. |
Title |
Grow Smart and Die Young: Why Did Cephalopods Evolve Intelligence? |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Ecol. Evol. |
Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Intelligence in large-brained vertebrates might have evolved through independent, yet similar processes based on comparable socioecological pressures and slow life histories. This convergent evolutionary route, however, cannot explain why cephalopods developed large brains and flexible behavioural repertoires: cephalopods have fast life histories and live in simple social environments. Here, we suggest that the loss of the external shell in cephalopods (i) caused a dramatic increase in predatory pressure, which in turn prevented the emergence of slow life histories, and (ii) allowed the exploitation of novel challenging niches, thus favouring the emergence of intelligence. By highlighting convergent and divergent aspects between cephalopods and large-brained vertebrates we illustrate how the evolution of intelligence might not be constrained to a single evolutionary route. |
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Publisher |
Elsevier |
Place of Publication |
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Original Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0169-5347 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.10.010 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6508 |
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Author |
Christensen, J.W.; Beekmans, M.; van Dalum, M.; VanDierendonck, M. |
Title |
Effects of hyperflexion on acute stress responses in ridden dressage horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Physiology & Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
Volume |
128 |
Issue |
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Pages |
39-45 |
Keywords |
Behaviour; Dressage; Horse; Hyperflexion; Rein tension; Stress |
Abstract |
The effects of hyperflexion on the welfare of dressage horses have been debated. This study aimed to investigate acute stress responses of dressage horses ridden in three different Head-and-Neck-positions (HNPs). Fifteen dressage horses were ridden by their usual rider in a standardised 10-min dressage programme in either the competition frame (CF), hyperflexion (“Low-Deep-and-Round”; LDR) or a looser frame (LF) in a balanced order on three separate test days. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability parameters (HRV), behaviour and rein tension were recorded during the test. Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured 60min before and 0, 5, 15 and 30min after the test. Rein tension was significantly lower in LF and did not differ between CF and LDR; however approx. 15% of recordings in CF and LDR were above the sensor detection limit of 5kg. The horses had significantly higher cortisol concentrations directly after LDR compared to LF. In addition, the horses showed more distinctive head movements, including head waving, during LDR. There were no significant treatment effects on HR and HRV. In conclusion, the results indicate that LDR may be more stressful to these horses during riding. |
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ISSN |
0031-9384 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6507 |
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Author |
McGreevy, P.; Yeates, J. |
Title |
Horses (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Book Chapter |
Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Companion Animal Care and Welfare |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
animal company; behavioural signs; diseases; domestic horses; euthanasia; human interaction; nutritional requirements |
Abstract |
Summary Domestic horses are equid members of the class Mammalia, order Perissodactyla, and family Equidae. Horses are obligate herbivores, with nutritional requirements as listed in a table. Adequate space is necessary for exercise, exploration, flight, sharing resources, play, and rolling. Company is essential for all horses, including stallions. Company provides opportunities for mutual grooming and play and allows horses to stand head-to-tail to remove flies. Unhandled horses may respond to humans as they would to predators, whereas handled horses' responses depend on their previous interactions with humans. Horses can suffer from several diseases as listed in another table. The best method of euthanasia of horses is usually sedation followed by either cranial shooting or the injection of an overdose of pentobarbitone into the jugular vein. Behavioural signs of distress can include increased locomotory activity, vigilance behaviours, neighing, snorting, pawing, nibbling walls and buckets, defaecation, rearing, kicking stable walls or doors, and high-stepping 'prancing'. |
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Wiley Online Books |
Abbreviated Series Title |
Companion Animal Care and Welfare |
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ISBN |
9781119333708 |
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doi:10.1002/9781119333708.ch13 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6506 |
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Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
Title |
Spatial relations between mares and foals of the Welsh pony (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Beh |
Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1007-1015 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Welsh pony mares and foals (Equus caballus) were usually found to be within 1 or 5 m of each other during the first week of the foal's life and gradually spent more time at greater distances as the foals became older. There was an overall levelling of the trend during the 9th-15th weeks of life of the foal, followed by a second period of change during weeks 16-24. Through weeks 21-24, mares and foals spent at least half of their time within 5 m of each other. Proximity was primarily due to foal activity except during foal recumbency. During the first 8 weeks of the foal's life, a mare remained close by when it was recumbent, either by grazing in a circle around it or by standing upright beside it. Mares and foals were most likely to be close together when they were resting upright with the other ponies in the herd and most likely to be far apart when the foal was playing. Similarities in patterns of spatial relationship between the foals of a given mare were demonstrated. There was no difference between colts and filies in the development of independence. |
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ISSN |
0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6505 |
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Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.L. |
Title |
Nursing behaviour and maternal aggression among Welsh ponies (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl Anim Behav Sci |
Volume |
14 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
11-25 |
Keywords |
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Abstract |
Nursing behaviour and related aggression of mare-foal pairs was studied from birth (n = 21) to 24 weeks of age (n = 15) of the foal. Foals exhibited a decreasing length and frequency of nursing as they grew older. Mares rarely aggressed against their foals during nursing in the foal's first 4 weeks of life, but did so increasingly through Weeks 13-16, after which the rate of aggression during nursing decreased. Mares terminated nursing primarily by moving away, and were most likely to do so during the foal's first 4 weeks of life. They became gradually less likely to do so as the foal grew older. It was concluded that mares sometimes flex their hind limb on the side opposite the foal during nursing in order to conserve energy in a situation in which they would be remaining still anyway. There was no difference between colts and fillies in the frequency or duration of nursing or in the frequency with which their mothers aggressed against them or terminated nursing. |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial ![sorted by Serial field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
6504 |
Permanent link to this record |