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	Author	Rubin, L.; Oppegard, C.; Hindz, H.F.
	Title	The effect of varying the temporal distribution of conditioning trials on equine learning behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	50	Issue	6	Pages	1184-1187
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses; Learning
	Abstract	Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of varying the temporal distrbution of conditioning sessions on equine learning behavior. In the first experiment, 15 ponies were trained to clear a small hurdle in response to a buzzer in order to avoid a mild electric shock. Three treatments were used. One group received 10 learning trials daily, seven times a week; one group was trained in the same fashion two times a week and one group was trained once a week. The animals conditioned only once a week achieved a high level of performance in significantly fewer sessions than the ones conditioned seven times a week, although elapsed time from start of training to completion was two to three times greater for the former group. The twice-a-week group learned at an intermediate rate. In the second experiment, the ponies were rearranged into three new groups. They were taught to move backward a specific distance in response to a visual cue in order to avoid an electric shock. Again, one group was trained seven times a week, one group was trained two times and one group was trained once a week. As in the first experiment, the animals trained once a week achieved the learning criteria in significantly fewer sessions than those trained seven times a week, but, as in trial 1, elapsed time from start to finish was greater for them. The two times-a-week group learned at a rate in-between the rates of the other two groups.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7400060			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3558
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	Author	Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Harvey, P.H.
	Title	Primates, brains and ecology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Zool. Lond.
	Volume	190	Issue	3	Pages	309-323
	Keywords
	Abstract	The paper examines systematic relationships among primates between brain size (relative to body size) and differences in ecology and social system. Marked differences in relative brain size exist between families. These are correlated with inter-family differences in body size and home range size. Variation in comparative brain size within families is related to diet (folivores have comparatively smaller brains than frugivores), home range size and possibly also to breeding system. The adaptive significance of these relationships is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1469-7998	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5451
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	Author	Frank, H.
	Title	Evolution of canine information processing under conditions of natural and artificial selection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Z Tierpsychol	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Frank1980			Serial	6243
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	Author	Beck, B. B.
	Title	Animal tool behaviour: The use and manufacture of tools by animals			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Garland	Place of Publication	New York	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6524
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.
	Title	Equine behavior problems in relation to humane management			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Int. J. Stud. Anim Prob.	Abbreviated Journal	Int. J. Stud. Anim. Prob.
	Volume	2	Issue	6	Pages	329-337
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 7; Export Date: 21 October 2008			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4521
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	Author	Frank, H.; Frank, M.G.
	Title	On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Appl Anim Ethol	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	8	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Frank1982			Serial	6259
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	Author	Harrington, F.H.; Mech, L.D.
	Title	An analysis of howling response parameters useful for wolf pack censusing			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	J Wildl Manag	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	46	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Harrington1982			Serial	6456
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	Author	Boitani, L.
	Title	Patterns of homesites attendance in two Minnesota wolf packs			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1982	Publication	Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Noyes, Park Ridge	Place of Publication	New York	Editor	Harrington, F.H.; Paquet, P.C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Boitani1982			Serial	6474
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	Author	Carson, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M.
	Title	Equine behaviour: I. A review of the literature on social and dam--Foal behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	3	Pages	165-178
	Keywords
	Abstract	In most cases, the social organisation of each of the seven species of Equidae existing today outside captivity is either territorial or non-territorial. The striking differences found between these two types of organisation in the social grouping and bonds, mating behaviour, leadership and dominance hierarchies of the animals are examined. It is thought that the non-territorial species show a less primitive type of organisation than the territorial animals. Infant Equidae are precocious animals and are able to follow their dams soon after birth. They stay close by their dams and travel with the herd from an early age and are therefore classified as “followers”, in contrast to the species which have a period of hiding after birth. Dams recognise their foals immediately after birth, whereas it takes 2 or 3 days for a foal to form an attachment to its dam. Being in close proximity to their dams, foals are able to nurse frequently and, unless artificially weaned, a foal will nurse until its dam foals again. Foals start to graze during their first week and as they grow older they spend more time grazing and less time nursing and resting. It is normal for foals to be corprophagic until one month old, and this provides them with bacteria essential for the digestion of fibre. Play behaviour is solitary in very young foals, but after 4 weeks of age, foals play together, with male foals playing more than females and showing more aggressive, fighting movements in play.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3762	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6671
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	Author	DUNCAN P et al,
	Title	On lactation and associated behaviour in natural herd of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Anim Behav	Abbreviated Journal	Hans Klingels Equine Reference List
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	255-263
	Keywords
	Abstract	Developmental changes in time spent suckling and related mother-foal behaviour are described in an unmanaged herd of Camargue horses. Male foals spent about 40% more time suckling than females during the first 8 weeks. Body weight did not differ between the sexes but time-budgets did: males grazed less and were more active. If pregnant, the typical multiparous mare nursed her foals for 35–40 weeks, males and females alike, and weaned them 15 weeks before the next foaling. Primiparae lactated longer and weaned closer to the next foaling by 5 weeks. The mares played an active role in regulating the time spent suckling in early, and particularly in late lactation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Prof.			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1033
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