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Author |
Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
A Matter of Degree: Strength of Brain Asymmetry and Behaviour |
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2017 |
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Symmetry |
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Symmetry |
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functional asymmetry; strength of lateralization; direction of lateralization; advantages; disadvantages; vertebrate species; limb preference; eye bias |
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Research on a growing number of vertebrate species has shown that the left and right sides of the brain process information in different ways and that lateralized brain function is expressed in both specific and broad aspects of behaviour. This paper reviews the available evidence relating strength of lateralization to behavioural/cognitive performance. It begins by considering the relationship between limb preference and behaviour in humans and primates from the perspectives of direction and strength of lateralization. In birds, eye preference is used as a reflection of brain asymmetry and the strength of this asymmetry is associated with behaviour important for survival (e.g., visual discrimination of food from non-food and performance of two tasks in parallel). The same applies to studies on aquatic species, mainly fish but also tadpoles, in which strength of lateralization has been assessed as eye preferences or turning biases. Overall, the empirical evidence across vertebrate species points to the conclusion that stronger lateralization is advantageous in a wide range of contexts. Brief discussion of interhemispheric communication follows together with discussion of experiments that examined the effects of sectioning pathways connecting the left and right sides of the brain, or of preventing the development of these left-right connections. The conclusion reached is that degree of functional lateralization affects behaviour in quite similar ways across vertebrate species. Although the direction of lateralization is also important, in many situations strength of lateralization matters more. Finally, possible interactions between asymmetry in different sensory modalities is considered. |
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Symmetry |
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9 |
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4 |
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2073-8994 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6167 |
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Author |
A. Lanata; A. Guidi; G. Valenza; P. Baragli; E. P. Scilingo |
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Title |
Quantitative heartbeat coupling measures in human-horse interaction |
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Conference Article |
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2016 |
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2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) |
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2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (E |
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2696-2699 |
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electrocardiography; medical signal processing; signal classification; time series; Dtw; Hrv; Mpc; Msc; complex biological systems; dynamic time warping; grooming; heart rate variability time series; heartbeat dynamics; human-horse dynamic interaction; magnitude squared coherence; magnitude-phase coupling; mean phase coherence; nearest mean classifier; quantitative heartbeat coupling; real human-animal interaction; time duration; visual-olfactory interaction; Coherence; Couplings; Electrocardiography; Heart rate variability; Horses; Protocols; Time series analysis |
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Abstract— We present a study focused on a quantitative estimation of a human-horse dynamic interaction. A set of measures based on magnitude and phase coupling between heartbeat dynamics of both humans and horses in three different conditions is reported: no interaction, visual/olfactory interaction and grooming. Specifically, Magnitude Squared Coherence (MSC), Mean Phase Coherence (MPC) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) have been used as estimators of the amount of coupling between human and horse through the analysis of their heart rate variability (HRV) time series in a group of eleven human subjects, and one horse. The rationale behind this study is that the interaction of two complex biological systems go towards a coupling process whose dynamical evolution is modulated by the kind and time duration of the interaction itself. We achieved a congruent and consistent
statistical significant difference for all of the three indices. Moreover, a Nearest Mean Classifier was able to recognize the three classes of interaction with an accuracy greater than 70%. Although preliminary, these encouraging results allow a discrimination of three distinct phases in a real human-animal interaction opening to the characterization of the empirically proven relationship between human and horse. |
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2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (E |
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1557-170x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6175 |
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Lanata, A.; Guidi, A.; Valenza, G.; Baragli, P.; Scilingo, E. P. |
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Title |
The Role of Nonlinear Coupling in Human-Horse Interaction: a Preliminary Study |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
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2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) |
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EMBC |
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This study focuses on the analysis of humanhorse
dynamic interaction using cardiovascular information
exclusively. Specifically, the Information Theoretic Learning
(ITL) approach has been applied to a Human-Horse Interaction
paradigm, therefore accounting for the nonlinear information
of the heart-heart interplay between humans and horses.
Heartbeat dynamics was gathered from humans and horses
during three experimental conditions: absence of interaction,
visual-olfactory interaction, and brooming. Cross Information
Potential, Cross Correntropy, and Correntropy Coefficient were
computed to quantitatively estimate nonlinear coupling in a
group of eleven subjects and one horse. Results showed a
statistical significant difference on all of the three interaction
phases. Furthermore, a Support Vector Machine classifier
recognized the three conditions with an accuracy of 90:9%.
These preliminary and encouraging results suggest that ITL
analysis provides viable metrics for the quantitative evaluation
of human-horse interaction. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6176 |
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Author |
Krueger, K.; Marr, I.; Farmer, K. |
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Title |
Equine Cognition |
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2017 |
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Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior |
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1-11 |
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Springer International Publishing |
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Cham |
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Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T. |
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978-3-319-47829-6 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Krueger2017 |
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6181 |
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Author |
Creswell, J.W. |
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Research design |
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2014 |
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XXIX, 273 Seiten |
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Sage |
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Los Angeles |
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qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches |
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978-1-4522-7461-4 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6184 |
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Pongrácz |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6199 |
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Kaczensky, P.; Huber, K. |
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The Use of High Frequency GPS Data to Classify Main Behavioural Categories in a Przewalski’s Horse in the Mongolian Gobi |
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2010 |
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DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6200 |
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Author |
Leiner, L. |
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Title |
Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Angstextinktion bei Pferden |
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2006 |
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Pferde sind Fluchttiere. Ihr Fluchtinstinkt bewirkt, dass sie sich leicht erschrecken und auch in
diversen Situationen mit Flucht reagieren. Diese Tatsache ist den meisten Reitern bekannt,
nur ist es für den Menschen teilweise schwer, mit dieser Eigenschaft auszukommen und sie zu
verstehen oder gar nachzuvollziehen. So kommt es häufig zu Unfällen, die aus der Angst der
Pferde resultieren, jedoch vermeidbar gewesen wären, hätte man ankündigende Signale früher
erkannt. Des Weiteren kann die Angst eines Pferdes auch durch eine (Ver-) Weigerung,
bestimmte Dinge zu tun, sichtbar werden. Diese Weigerung wird in der Reiterei gerne als
„Bockigkeit“ und „Ungehorsam“ des Pferdes interpretiert und führt nicht selten zu einer
Bestrafung. Insgesamt kann man sagen, dass angstauslösende Reize und die Reaktionen des
Pferdes darauf oft falsch eingeschätzt oder falsch interpretiert werden und in der Folge auch
falsch damit umgegangen wird. Ein Grund dafür ist sicher das fehlende Wissen über das
Verhalten des Pferdes. Mit der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit soll ein Beitrag geleistet werden,
das Pferd in seinem Angstverhalten besser zu verstehen. Ziel der Arbeit war es, das Verhalten
des Pferdes bei verschiedenen Intensitäten von Angst zu untersuchen. Des Weiteren wurden
Methoden untersucht, mit denen man die Angst von Pferden vor bestimmten Reizen und
Situationen potentiell lindern kann, was letztendlich auch der Unfallvorbeugung dient.
Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit wurde am Haupt- und Landesgestüt Marbach durchgeführt; 24
Junghengste standen hierfür zur Verfügung. Darunter waren 18 Deutsche Warmblüter, 3
Vollblutaraber und 3 Schwarzwälder Füchse (Kaltblüter), somit war auch ein Rassenvergleich
möglich.
In einem ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde untersucht, wie sich Angst bei Pferden äußert. Hierfür
wurde ausgenutzt, dass Pferde ganz generell vor unbekannten, neuen Gegenständen Angst
haben (= Neophobie). Zur Angstauslösung dienten als Konfrontationsgegenstände ein
Sonnenschirm und eine Plastikplane. Beide Gegenstände waren für die Testpferde unbekannt.
Das Verhalten sowie die Herzrate der Tiere wurden während aller Versuche beobachtet und
quantifiziert. Nacheiner ersten Konfrontation wurden die Pferde an die Objekte gewöhnt
(Extinktionstraining = Angstlöschung) und beobachtet welche Verhaltensymptome sich
während dieser Gewöhnung (= Verlust der Neophobie) verändern. Die Hypothese war, dass
tatsächliche Angstsymptome während der Gewöhnung immer seltener zu beobachten sind.
Zusammenfassung III
Als Verhaltensweisen für Angst konnten Ausweichbewegungen und Flucht, Lautäußerungen
(Prusten und Schnauben), das Anspannen der Halsmuskulatur sowie das Vordrücken der
Oberlippe identifiziert werden. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass Abstufungen im
Angstverhalten möglich sind: Bei sehr hohem Angstlevel sind Fluchtreaktionen zu
beobachten. Bei mittlerem Angstlevel treten Ausweichbewegungen im Schritt und
Lautäußerungen (Prusten und Schnauben) auf, bei geringem Angstlevel wird die
Halsmuskulatur angespannt und die Oberlippe vorgedrückt.
Im Zweiten Teil der Arbeit sollten verschiedene Methoden zur Angst-Extinktionauf ihre
Wirksamkeit hin untersucht werden. Verwendet wurde in verschiedenen Testgruppen die
Methode der Desensibilisierung (d.h. leichte, schrittweise stärker werdende Exposition
gegenüber dem angstauslösenden Reiz), die Desensibilisierung mit Gegenkonditionierung
(positive Verstärkung) durch Streicheln bzw. Reiben des Halses und die Desensibilisierung
mit Gegenkonditionierung durch Futterbelohnung. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten Pferde, die
ohne eine Konfrontation mit dem angstauslösenden Reiz nur über den Versuchplatz geführt
wurden.
Während des Extinktionstrainings konnte beobachtet werden, dass die Desensibilisierung mit
Gegenkonditionierung zu einer schnelleren Extinktion führt als ohne Gegenkonditionierung.
Allerdings zeigte ein Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe, die das Extinktionstraining nicht
erfahren hatte, den gleichen Verlust an Angstverhalten wie die Gruppen mit Extinktionstraining.
Dieses Ergebnis wurde so interpretiert, dass die wiederholte Exposition gegenüber
angstauslösenden Reizen bei den durchgeführten Verhaltenstests zwar eine Rolle spielt, doch
dass auch allein die Beschäftigung mit den Tieren zu einem Verlust von Angstverhalten führt
(wahrscheinlich auch aufgrund eines wachsenden Vertrauens zur Führperson, die über das
komplette Experiment hin die Gleiche blieb). |
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Diploma thesis |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6205 |
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Author |
Kruska, D. |
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Title |
Mammalian domestication and its effect on brain structure and behavior |
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1988 |
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Intelligence and Evolutionary Biology |
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Springer-Verlag |
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New York |
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Jerison, H.J.; Jerison, I. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kruska1988 |
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6232 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, J. |
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Title |
Origins of the dog: domestication and early history |
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1995 |
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The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People |
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Cambridge University Press |
Place of Publication |
Cambridge |
Editor |
Serpell, J.A. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Clutton-Brock1995 |
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6247 |
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