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	Author	Adler, L.L.; Adler, H.E.
	Title	Ontogeny of observational learning in the dog (Canis familiaris)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Developmental Psychobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Psychobiol
	Volume	10	Issue	3	Pages	267-271
	Keywords	Animals; Dogs/physiology; Female; Learning/physiology; Male; Vision, Ocular/physiology
	Abstract	A split-litter technique was used to test observational learning in 4 litters of Miniature Dachshund puppies, 21, 28, 38, and 60 days old at the beginning of the experiment. In one side of a duplicate cage, one puppy of a litter, the demonstrator, learned to pull in a food cart on a runner by means of a ribbon, while another puppy, the observer, watched from an adjacent compartment, separated by a wire screen. Observational learning was demonstrated by the saving in time for the 1st trial when the observer was given the same problem to solve. Maturation, particularly the development of visual function and motor coordination, set a lower age limit for the emergence of observational learning.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-1630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:863122			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5186
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	Author	van Niekerk, H.P.
	Title	Ethological studies within the man-horse relationship			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	Abbreviated Journal	J S Afr Vet Assoc
	Volume	51	Issue	4	Pages	237-238
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Hearing; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Smell; Taste; Touch; Vision
	Abstract	Certain aspects of ethology and the horse's senses are discussed to bring about a better understanding between man and horse. Furthermore the behaviour of horses with respect to housing, feeding, breeding, veterinary treatment and work are considered.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1019-9128	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7241494			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1960
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	Author	Wolfe, J.M.
	Title	Hidden visual processes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	248	Issue	2	Pages	94-103
	Keywords	Color Perception/physiology; Humans; Motion Perception/physiology; Ocular Physiology; Vision; Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Isoluminant stimulus is an image whose edges are defined only by a change in color, not by change in brightness. The stimulus here is imperfect: the blue parts and the green parts of the image are only as nearly equal in brightness as they can be on the printed page. Moreover, the change in brightness beyond the edge of the page is apparent, and so is the fact that the reader is holding the magazine at reading distance. When such cues are removed under laboratory conditions, subjects faced with an isoluminant stimulus prove unable to bring its edges into focus. This deficiency contributes to making a familiar face hard to recognize. The experiment indicates that the brain process underlying visual accommodation (the focusing of the eyes) cannot “see” color; it is a hidden process distinct from the processes that lead to perception. The image shows Groucho Marx as he appeared in the motion picture Horse Feathers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6836258			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4066
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	Author	Loveland, K.A.
	Title	Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	254-257
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/psychology; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Male; Self Concept; Social Environment; Species Specificity; Television; *Visual Perception
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77025, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8521267			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4161
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	Author	Hart, D.; Whitlow, J.W.J.
	Title	The experience of self in the bottlenose dolphin			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	244-247
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Self Concept; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Television; *Visual Perception
	Abstract	Marten and Psarakos have presented some evidence which suggests that objective self-awareness and possibly representations of self may characterize the dolphins' experience of self. Their research demonstrates the possibility of similarities in the sense of self between primate species and dolphins, although whether dolphins have subjective self-awareness, personal memories, and theories of self--all important facets of the sense of self in humans--was not examined. Clearly, even this limited evidence was difficult to achieve; the difficulties in adapting methods and coding behavior are quite apparent in their report. Future progress, however, may depend upon clarification of what are the necessary components for a sense of self and an explication of how these might be reflected in dolphin behavior. We are mindful of the authors' point (pp. 219 and 220) that the dolphin lives more in an acoustic than a visual environment. Thus, while tasks relying upon vision may reveal the presence or absence of the sense of self in primates, it might well be the case that in dolphins self-related experiences might be better revealed in auditory tasks. But then, what is the nature of human self-awareness in terms of audition? While both conceptual and methodological hurdles remain, Marten and Psarakos have demonstrated that important questions can be asked about the minds and phenomenal worlds of nonanthropoid species.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8521264			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4162
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	Author	Anderson, J.R.
	Title	Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	239-243
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/psychology; Female; Male; Orientation; Self Concept; Social Behavior; Television; *Visual Perception
	Abstract
	Address	Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, CNRS URA 1295, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8521263			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4163
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	Author	Marten, K.; Psarakos, S.
	Title	Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	205-224
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/psychology; Female; Male; Self Concept; Social Behavior; Television; Visual Perception
	Abstract	In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior.
	Address	Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8521259			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4164
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	Author	Lomas, C.A.; Piggins, D.; Phillips, C.J.C.
	Title	Visual awareness			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	57	Issue	3-4	Pages	247-257
	Keywords	Visual awareness; Colour vision; Rhythm
	Abstract	Awareness varies between different species and humans can never truly appreciate what it is like to be another individual, either of the same species or another. Visual perceptual faculties provide some evidence of the extent to which domesticated animals derive information from objects in their environment, whilst changes in behaviour resulting from different visual stimuli can also provide valuable information on the state of visual awareness. Extensive processing of potentially visual information must occur in all domesticated species, but is much less well understood than purely sensory based information. For example, sensory aspects of colour vision are reasonably well understood, but the role of wavelength variables in an animal's cognition and its colour experience is not clear. Considerable use is made of diurnal changes in photoperiod to synchronise endogenous rhythms to particular times of the day and the year. Variation in light intensity in natural images is also important for social reasons for animals to be able to discriminate between, e.g., different faces, but little is known about intensity preferences or the effects of intensity on behaviour. It appears likely that in many cases visual stimuli represent some of the most important influences on an animal's awareness, either alone or in combination with, e.g., olfactory cues. However, a much greater understanding of their processing is required before we can make useful deductions about visual awareness in domesticated animals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4309
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	Author	Harman, A.M.; Moore, S.; Hoskins, R.; Keller, P.
	Title	Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the 'ramp retina'			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	31	Issue	5	Pages	384-390
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count; Eye/anatomy & histology; Ganglia, Sensory/cytology; Horses/physiology; Refractive Errors/veterinary; Retina/cytology/physiology; Vision/physiology; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields
	Abstract	Here we provide confirmation that the 'ramp retina' of the horse, once thought to result in head rotating visual behaviour, does not exist. We found a 9% variation in axial length of the eye between the streak region and the dorsal periphery. However, the difference was in the opposite direction to that proposed for the 'ramp retina'. Furthermore, acuity in the narrow, intense visual streak in the inferior retina is 16.5 cycles per degree compared with 2.7 cycles per degree in the periphery. Therefore, it is improbable that the horse rotates its head to focus onto the peripheral retina. Rather, the horse rotates the nose up high to observe distant objects because binocular overlap is oriented down the nose, with a blind area directly in front of the forehead.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10505953			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	836
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	Author	Macuda, T.; Timney, B.
	Title	Luminance and chromatic discrimination in the horse (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	44	Issue	3	Pages	301-307
	Keywords	Colour vision; Chromatic discrimination; Luminance discrimination; Horse
	Abstract	Equine colour vision was measured under conditions that minimised the possibility of animals using brightness cues to make chromatic discriminations. In a two-stage study, we first obtained luminance discrimination functions for achromatic targets then tested for chromatic discrimination over a range of target luminances. Horses were trained on a two-choice discrimination task. The positive stimulus was varied in luminance and/or colour using neutral density and broad band colour filters. The negative stimulus appeared as a uniform grey. In the brightness discrimination task, the horses performed well at large luminance differences but their percentage of correct responses declined to near chance levels at differences of less than 0.2 log units. In addition, a decrement in performance was noted at luminance differences of less than 0.2 log units for green and yellow chromatic discrimination functions, suggesting that horses cannot easily discriminate yellow and green from grey. However, the chromatic discrimination functions for red and blue showed that animals performed very well across the full range of target luminances. These results suggest that horses are at least dichromats.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	844
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