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Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database

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Author Alexander, F. openurl 
  Title A study of parotid salivation in the horse Type Journal Article
  Year 1966 Publication The Journal of physiology Abbreviated Journal J Physiol  
  Volume (down) 184 Issue 3 Pages 646-656  
  Keywords Animals; Atropine/*pharmacology; Bicarbonates/metabolism; Calcium/metabolism; Chlorides/metabolism; Horses; Mastication/*physiology; Parotid Gland/*physiology; Pilocarpine/*pharmacology; Potassium/metabolism; Salivation/*drug effects; Sodium/metabolism; Tetracaine/*pharmacology  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-3751 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:5963737 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 119  
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Author Alexander, F.; Chowdhury, A.K. openurl 
  Title Enzymes in the ileal juice of the horse Type Journal Article
  Year 1958 Publication Nature Abbreviated Journal Nature  
  Volume (down) 181 Issue 4603 Pages 190  
  Keywords *Enzymes; *Horses; Ileum/*metabolism; *Enzymes; *Horses; *ILEUM/metabolism  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0028-0836 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:13504127 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 121  
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Author Heleski, C.R.; McGreevy, P.D.; Kaiser, L.J.; Lavagnino, M.; Tans, E.; Bello, N.; Clayton, H.M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Effects on behaviour and rein tension on horses ridden with or without martingales and rein inserts Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 181 Issue 1 Pages 56-62  
  Keywords Horse behaviour; Horse welfare; Equitation science; Rein tension; Martingales  
  Abstract Unsteady hand position can cause discomfort to the horse, potentially leading to conflict behaviours (CB) such as head tossing or tail lashing. Some instructors feel that martingales or elastic rein inserts can reduce discomfort caused by inexperienced and unsteady hands. Others consider these devices to be inappropriate [`]crutches'. Four horses and nine riders were tested under three conditions in random order: plain reins, adjustable training martingales (TM), and elasticised rein inserts (RI). Rein-tension data (7 s) and behavioural data (30 s) were collected in each direction. Rein-tension data were collected via strain-gauge transducers. Behavioural data were assessed using an ethogram of defined behaviours. No differences in the number of CB were observed. Mean rein tension for TM was higher than that of RI or controls. Relative to the withers, the head was lower for horses ridden with martingales. Carefully fitted martingales may have a place in riding schools that teach novices.  
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  ISSN 1090-0233 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4807  
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Author Goodwin, D.; McGreevy, P.; Waran, N.; McLean, A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title How equitation science can elucidate and refine horsemanship techniques Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Special Issue: Equitation Science  
  Volume (down) 181 Issue 1 Pages 5-11  
  Keywords Horse; Training; Equitation; Learning theory; Ethology; Cognition  
  Abstract The long-held belief that human dominance and equine submission are key to successful training and that the horse must be taught to [`]respect' the trainer infers that force is often used during training. Many horses respond by trialling unwelcome evasions, resistances and flight responses, which readily become established. When unable to cope with problem behaviours, some handlers in the past might have been encouraged to use harsh methods or devices while others may have called in a so-called [`]good horseman' or [`]horse whisperer' to remediate the horse. Frequently, the approaches such practitioners offer could not be applied by the horse's owner or trainer because of their lack of understanding or inability to apply the techniques. Often it seemed that these [`]horse-people' had magical ways with horses (e.g., they only had to whisper to them) that achieved impressive results although they had little motivation to divulge their techniques. As we begin to appreciate how to communicate with horses sensitively and consistently, misunderstandings and misinterpretations by horse and trainer should become less common. Recent studies have begun to reveal what comprises the simplest, most humane and most effective mechanisms in horse training and these advances are being matched by greater sharing of knowledge among practitioners. Indeed, various practitioners of what is referred to here as [`]natural horsemanship' now use techniques similar to the [`]whisperers' of old, but they are more open about their methods. Reputable horse trainers using natural horsemanship approaches are talented observers of horse behaviour and respond consistently and swiftly to the horse's subtle cues during training. For example, in the roundpen these trainers apply an aversive stimulus to prompt a flight response and then, when the horse slows down, moves toward them, or offers space-reducing affiliative signals, the trainer immediately modifies his/her agonistic signals, thus negatively reinforcing the desired response. Learning theory and equine ethology, the fundamentals of the emerging discipline of equitation science, can be used to explain almost all the behaviour modification that goes on in these contexts and in conventional horsemanship. By measuring and evaluating what works and what does not, equitation science has the potential to have a unifying effect on traditional practices and developing branches of equitation.  
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  ISSN 1090-0233 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4826  
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Author McGreevy, P.D.; Oddie, C.; Burton, F.L.; McLean, A.N. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The horse–human dyad: Can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram? Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Special Issue: Equitation Science  
  Volume (down) 181 Issue 1 Pages 12-18  
  Keywords Horse training; Social inter- and intra-specific communication; Learning; Counter–predator behaviour  
  Abstract This article examines the recently completed equid ethogram and shows how analogues of social interactions between horses may occur in various human–horse interactions. It discusses how some specific horse–horse interactions have a corresponding horse–human interaction – some of which may be directly beneficial for the horse while others may be unusual or even abnormal. It also shows how correspondent behaviours sometimes become inappropriate because of their duration, consistency or context. One analogue is unlikely to hold true for all horse–human contexts, so when applying any model from horse–horse interactions to human–horse interactions, the limitations of the model may eclipse the intended outcome of the intervention. These limitations are especially likely when the horse is being ridden. Such analyses may help to determine the validity of extrapolating intra-specific interactions to the inter-specific setting, as is advocated by some popular horse-training methods, and highlight the subsequent limitations where humans play the role of the ‘alpha mare’ or leader in horse handling and training. This examination provides a constructive framework for further informed debate and empirical investigation of the critical features of successful intra-specific interactions.  
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  ISSN 1090-0233 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5729  
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Author Hendricks, J.C.; Morrison, A.R. openurl 
  Title Normal and abnormal sleep in mammals Type Journal Article
  Year 1981 Publication Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Vet Med Assoc  
  Volume (down) 178 Issue 2 Pages 121-126  
  Keywords Animals; Cat Diseases/physiopathology; Cats; Cattle; Dog Diseases/physiopathology; Dogs; Dreams; Horses/physiology; Humans; Narcolepsy/physiopathology/veterinary; Sleep/*physiology; Sleep Apnea Syndromes/physiopathology/veterinary; Sleep Disorders/physiopathology/*veterinary; Sleep, REM/physiology  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN 0003-1488 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:7204232 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 101  
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Author Singer, E.R.; Barnes, J.; Saxby, F.; Murray, J.K. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Injuries in the event horse: Training versus competition Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 175 Issue 1 Pages 76-81  
  Keywords Event horse; Superficial digital flexor tendonitis; Suspensory ligament desmitis; Exertional rhabdomyolysis  
  Abstract Two related studies on injuries sustained by event horses during competition and during training are reported. During the cross-country phase of competition, the most common injuries were lacerations and abrasions to the carpus and stifle. Superficial digital flexor tendonitis and exertional rhabdomyolysis were significantly more common during Cours Complete Internationale (CCI) competitions compared to one-day event (ODE) competitions. The difference in injury types at ODEs and CCI competitions probably relates to the increased athletic demands of the CCI and the closer veterinary observation at these competitions. The results of the training study indicate that 21% of horses intending to compete in a CCI did not start due to injury. Forty-three percent of these injuries involved soft tissue structures with injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon and the suspensory ligament each accounting for 33%. The most important area for future research is investigation of the risk factors for these career-threatening soft tissue injuries.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4352  
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Author R. A. Hopkins url  openurl
  Title CALIFORNIA WILDLIFE HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS SYSTEM Type Manuscript
  Year Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) M174 Issue Pages  
  Keywords Feral Horse Equus caballus  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 476  
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Author Bannasch, D.; Rinaldo, C.; Millon, L.; Latson, K.; Spangler, T.; Hubberty, S.; Galuppo, L.; Lowenstine, L. doi  openurl
  Title SRY negative 64,XX intersex phenotype in an American saddlebred horse Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997) Abbreviated Journal Vet J  
  Volume (down) 173 Issue 2 Pages 437-439  
  Keywords Animals; Female; Genitalia/abnormalities; Hermaphroditism/*veterinary; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis/genetics; Horses/*genetics/*physiology; Karyotyping; Phenotype; Sex Differentiation; Sex Differentiation Disorders/diagnosis/veterinary; Sex-Determining Region Y Protein/genetics/*metabolism  
  Abstract A female American saddlebred horse was presented for surgical correction of a possible pseudohermaphrodite condition. The horse had abnormal external genitalia and exhibited stallion-like behaviour. No evidence of uterine or ovarian tissue was identified on laparoscopic examination, but hypoplastic testicular-like tissue was removed, although this was found to contain no spermatogonia upon histopathological examination. A karyotype was performed and showed the normal chromosomal complement for a female horse (64,XX). Polymerase chain reaction to detect the SRY gene was negative in peripheral blood as well as the testicular-like tissue. This case represents the first report of an SRY negative XX-male sex reversal intersex phenotype, which is a potentially inherited condition, in an American saddlebred horse.  
  Address Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. dlbannasch@ucdavis.edu  
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  ISSN 1090-0233 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16386440 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1882  
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Author de Cocq, P.; van Weeren, P.R.; Back, W. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Saddle pressure measuring: Validity, reliability and power to discriminate between different saddle-fits Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication The Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 172 Issue 2 Pages 265-273  
  Keywords Horse; Pressure; Back; Saddle; Saddle-fit  
  Abstract Saddle-fit is recognised as an important factor in the pathogenesis of back problems in horses and is empirically being evaluated by pressure measurements in clinical practice, although not much is known about the validity, reliability and usability of these devices in the equine field. This study was conducted to assess critically a pressure measurement system marketed for evaluating saddle fit. Validity was tested by calculating the correlation coefficient between total measured pressure and the weight of 28 different riders. Reliability and discriminative power with respect to different saddle fitting methods were evaluated in a highly standardised, paired measurement set-up in which saddle-fit was quantified by air-pressure values inside the panels of the saddle. Total pressures under the saddle correlated well with riders’ weight. A large increase in over-day sensor variation was found. Within trial intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were excellent, but the between trial ICCs varied from poor to excellent and the variation in total pressure was high. In saddles in which the fit was adjusted to individual asymmetries of the horse, the pressure measurement device was able to detect correctly air-pressure differences between the two panels in the back area of the saddle, but not in the front area. The device yielded valid results, but was only reliable in highly standardised conditions. The results question the indiscriminate use of current saddle pressure measurement devices for the quantitative assessment of saddle-fit under practical conditions and suggest that further technical improvement may be necessary.  
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  ISSN 1090-0233 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5819  
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