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Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carnevale, J. |
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Title |
Feeding and drinking behavior of mares and foals with free access to pasture and water |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Journal of animal science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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Volume |
60 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
883-889 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Drinking Behavior; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Poaceae; Seasons; Temperature; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
The feeding and drinking behavior of 11 mares and 15 foals living on pasture with free access to water was recorded during 2,340 15-min focal samples taken over 2 yr. Lactating mares on pasture spent about 70% of the day feeding. Foals began feeding on their first day of life. As they grew older, they spent progressively more time feeding, but still spent only 47 +/- 6% of the time feeding by 21 wk of age. Foals fed primarily during the early morning and evening. While grass formed the major proportion of the diet of both foals and mares, they also ate clay, humus, feces, bark, leaves and twigs. Almost all feeding by foals was done while their mothers were feeding. Movement to water sources was frequently, but not invariably, carried out by an entire herd. Frequency (P = .005) but not duration (P greater than .05) of drinking bouts by mares increased as the temperature increased. Frequency was greatest at 30 to 35 C, at which temperature mares drank once every 1.8 h. Frequency of drinking varied with the time of day (P less than .01), being rarest during the early morning (0500 to 0900 h eastern daylight time) and most frequent during the afternoon (1300 to 1700 h). Drinking by foals was very rare. The youngest age at which a foal was observed to drink was 3 wk, and 8 of 15 foals were never observed to drink before weaning. |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:3988655 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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54 |
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Author |
Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Coprophagy by foals: effect of age and possible functions |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
17-19 |
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Keywords |
*Aging; Animals; *Coprophagia; Deoxycholic Acid/physiology; Female; Horse Diseases/*physiopathology; Horses; Humans; Male; Pheromones/physiology; Time Factors; Urination |
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Abstract |
In colts and fillies observed from birth to 24 weeks old, coprophagy occurred from Weeks 1 to 19. Its frequency was greatest during the first two months. Coprophagy was rarely observed in mares and stallions. Foals usually ate the faeces of their mother but were observed to eat their own and those of a stallion and another unrelated mare. Urination by the foal occurred before, during or after 26 per cent of the coprophagy incidents. It is hypothesised that foals may consume faeces in response to a maternal pheromone which signals the presence of deoxycholic acid or other acids which the foal may be deficient in and which it may require for gut immuno-competence myelination of the nervous system. Such a pheromone may also serve to accelerate growth and sexual maturation. Coprophagy may also provide nutrients and introduce normal bacterial flora to the gut. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:4038939 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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55 |
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Sufit, E.; Houpt, K.A.; Sweeting, M. |
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Title |
Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns in ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
12-16 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Blood Proteins/analysis; Drinking Behavior/drug effects/*physiology; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology; Thirst/drug effects/*physiology; Time Factors; Water Deprivation/physiology |
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The stimuli that elicit thirst were studied in four ponies. Nineteen hours of water deprivation produced an increase in plasma protein from 67 +/- 0.1 g/litre to 72 +/- 2 g/litre, a mean (+/- se) increase in plasma sodium from 139 +/- 3 to 145 +/- 2 mmol/litre and an increase in plasma osmolality from 297 +/- 1 to 306 +/- 2 mosmol/litre. Undeprived ponies drank 1.5 +/- 0.9 kg/30 mins; 19 h deprived ponies drank 10.2 +/- 2.5 kg/30 mins and corrected the deficits in plasma protein, plasma sodium and plasma osmolality as well as compensating for the water they would have drunk during the deprivation period. In order to determine if an increase in plasma osmolality would stimulate thirst, 250 ml of 15 per cent sodium chloride was infused intravenously. The ponies drank when osmolality increased 3 per cent and when plasma sodium rose from 136 +/- 3 mmol/litre to 143 +/- 3 mmol/litre. Ponies infused with 15 per cent sodium chloride drank 2.9 +/- 0.7 kg; those infused with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride drank 0.7 +/- 0.5 kg. In order to determine if a decrease in plasma volume would stimulate thirst, ponies were injected with 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) frusemide. Plasma protein rose from 68 +/- 2 g/litre pre-injection to 75 +/- 2 g/litre 1 h after 1 mg/kg bwt frusemide and to 81 +/- 1 g/litre 1 h after 2 mg/kg bwt frusemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:3979367 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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56 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A.; Parsons, M.S.; Hintz, H.F. |
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Title |
Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of animal science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1027-1032 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Horses/*physiology; *Learning; *Maternal Deprivation; Mothers/*psychology |
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The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reversal, to turn right (6.7 +/- .6 and 6.2 +/- .6 trials, respectively). The orphan foals spent significantly more time in the maze in their first exposure to it than the mothered foals (184 +/- 42 vs 55 +/- 15 s. Mann Whitney U = 7, P less than .05). The mothers of the foals (n = 11) learned to turn left as rapidly as the foals (5.9 +/- .7 trials), but they were slower to learn to turn right (9.8 +/- 1.4 vs 6.4 +/- .4 trials, Mann Whitney U = 33, P less than .05), indicating that the younger horses learned more rapidly. There was no correlation between the trials to criteria of the mare and those of her foal, but there was a significant negative correlation between rank in trials to criteria and age (r = -65, P less than .05) when data from the mare and foal trials were combined. The dominance hierarchy of the mares was determined using a paired feeding test in which two horses competed for one bucket of feed. Although there was no correlation between rank in the hierarchy and maze learning ability, there was a correlation between body weight and rank in the hierarchy (r = .7, P less than .05). This may indicate either that heavier horses are likely to be dominant or that horses high in dominance gain more weight. Maternal deprivation did not appear to seriously retard learning of a simple maze by foals, although the orphans moved more slowly initially. The lack of maternal influence on learning is also reflected in the lack of correlation between the mare's learning ability and that of her foal. Young horses appear to learn more rapidly than older horses. |
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0021-8812 |
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Notes |
PMID:7174546 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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58 |
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Brown, R.F.; Houpt, K.A.; Schryver, H.F. |
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Title |
Stimulation of food intake in horses by diazepam and promazine |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Pharmacol Biochem Behav |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
495-497 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Diazepam/*pharmacology; Diet; Feeding Behavior/*drug effects; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Promazine/*pharmacology; Stimulation, Chemical |
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Abstract |
In two adult horses doses of 0.02-0.03 mg/kg diazepam, intravenously, increased 1 hr intake 54-75% above control levels. Intake was stimulated when the diet was a high grain, calorically dense one and also when the diet was a high fiber, calorically dilute one. Two young rapidly growing weanling horses showed an even more pronounced stimulation of intake. Following diazepam 1 hr intake was increased 105-240% above control lelvels. Promazine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg also stimulated intake in adult horses, but not as markedly as did diazepam. A transquilizer and a neuroleptic appear to have a stimulatory eff upon short-term intake in horses. |
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0091-3057 |
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PMID:1005496 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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60 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Animal behavior as a subject for veterinary students |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
The Cornell veterinarian |
Abbreviated Journal |
Cornell Vet |
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Volume |
66 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
73-81 |
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Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cats; Chickens; Dogs; Education, Veterinary; Goats; Horses; Humans; Maternal Behavior; Mice; New York; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Sheep; Sleep; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Swine |
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Knowledge of animal behavior is an important asset for the veterinarian; therefore a course in veterinary animal behavior is offered at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine as an elective. The course emphasizes the behavior of those species of most interest to the practicing veterinarian: cats, dogs, horses, cows, pigs and sheep. Dominance heirarchies, animal communication, aggressive behavior, sexual behavior and maternal behavior are discussed. Play, learning, diurnal cycles of activity and sleep, and controls of ingestive behavior are also considered. Exotic and zoo animal behaviors are also presented by experts in these fields. The critical periods of canine development are related to the optimum management of puppies. The behavior of feral dogs and horses is described. The role of the veterinarian in preventing cruelty to animals and recognition of pain in animals is emphasized. Whenever possible behavior is observed in the laboratory or on film. |
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0010-8901 |
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PMID:767053 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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61 |
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Author |
Houpt, T.R.; Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Nitrogen conservation by ponies fed a low -protein ration |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1971 |
Publication |
American journal of veterinary research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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32 |
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4 |
Pages |
579-588 |
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Keywords |
Administration, Oral; Amino Acids/biosynthesis; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology; Body Weight/drug effects; Dietary Proteins/*pharmacology; Horses/*metabolism; Nitrogen/*metabolism; Urea/administration & dosage/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism; Water/metabolism |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:5110116 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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62 |
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Author |
McGreevy, P.D.; Webster, A.J.; Nicol, C.J. |
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Title |
Study of the behaviour, digestive efficiency and gut transit times of crib-biting horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
The Veterinary record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
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Volume |
148 |
Issue |
19 |
Pages |
592-596 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Case-Control Studies; *Digestion; *Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects; Horse Diseases/*physiopathology; Horses/*physiology/psychology; Male; Stereotyped Behavior/*physiology; Sulfapyridine/blood; Sulfasalazine/diagnostic use/pharmacology |
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The spontaneous behaviour and the apparent digestibility of dry matter and fibre and transit times of digesta were compared in four normal horses and four crib-biters. A technique was developed for measuring total gut transit times (TGTT) by using single-stool analysis of the passage of radio-opaque polyethylene markers. Longer TGTT were recorded in the crib-biters than in the normal horses but the orocaecal transit times did not differ. The crib-biters rested less than the normal horses. |
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Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford |
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0042-4900 |
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PMID:11386445 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
86 |
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Author |
McGreevy, P.D.; Nicol, C.J. |
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Title |
Prevention of crib-biting: a review |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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27 |
Pages |
35-38 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/*prevention & control/psychology; Horses; *Stereotyped Behavior |
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Abstract |
Crib-biting is a common oral stereotype. Because of perceived deleterious effects on the health and appearance of subjects the prevention of crib-biting is regularly attempted. The resourcefulness of horses in satisfying their motivation to perform this behaviour often frustrates owners' efforts at prevention. This paper reviews the efficacy and observable consequences of attempting to prevent crib-biting by a variety of methods. These include attempts to prevent the grasping of objects, to interfere with air-engulfing and to introduce punishment for grasping and neck-flexion. Other approaches include the use of surgery, acupuncture, pharmaceuticals, operant feeding and environmental enrichment. A remedy that is effective for every crib-biter remains elusive. We conclude that, rather than concentrating on remedial prevention, further research should be directed at establishing why horses crib-bite and how the emergence of crib-biting can be avoided. |
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Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK |
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PMID:10485002 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
87 |
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Author |
McGreevy, P.D.; Nicol, C.J. |
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Title |
The effect of short-term prevention on the subsequent rate of crib-biting in thoroughbred horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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27 |
Pages |
30-34 |
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Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/*prevention & control/psychology; Horses; Male; Recurrence; *Stereotyped Behavior; Videotape Recording |
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The results of an experimental study of the motivational consequences of short-term prevention of crib-biting are reported here. Eight test horses wore a cribbing collar for 24 h. This was effective in preventing crib-biting in 6 subjects. Using analysis of co-variance that accounted for baseline differences in crib-biting rate, test horses showed significantly more crib-biting than control horses on the first day after prevention (P < 0.05). There was also a highly significant increase in the crib-biting rate of test horses on the first day after prevention in comparison with their baseline rate (P < 0.01). This defines the increase as a post inhibitory rebound. An increase in the novelty of the cribbing bar and an increase in feeding motivation during the period of prevention are rejected as explanations of the rebound in this study. Instead, it is suggested that the rebound reflected a rise in internal motivation to crib-bite during the period of prevention. Behaviours that exhibit this pattern of motivation are generally considered functional; and it has been argued that their prevention may compromise welfare. |
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Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK |
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PMID:10485001 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
88 |
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