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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Luttrell, L.M. |
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Title |
The similarity principle underlying social bonding among female rhesus monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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Volume |
46 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages  |
215-234 |
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Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Grooming; *Group Processes; Macaca/*physiology; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; Male; *Object Attachment |
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Abstract |
Twenty adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed over a three-year period. They lived in a mixed captive group with kinship relations known for three generations. The study's aim was to test Seyfarth's [J. theor. Biol. 65: 671-698, 1977] model of rank-related grooming and to investigate two other possible determinants of social bonding, i.e. relative age and the group's stratification into two social classes. Data on affiliation, coalitions, and social competition were collected by means of both focal observation and instantaneous time sampling. Whereas certain elements of the existing model were confirmed, its explanatory principles were not. Social competition did not result in more contact among close-ranking females (the opposite effect was found), and the relation between affiliative behavior and coalitions was more complex than predicted. Based on multivariate analyses and a comparison of theoretical models, we propose a simpler, more encompassing principle underlying interfemale attraction. According to this 'similarity principle', rhesus females establish bonds with females whom they most resemble. The similarity may concern genetical and social background, age, hierarchical position and social class. Effects of these four factors were independently demonstrated. The most successful model assumed that similarity factors influence female bonding in a cumulative fashion. |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:3557225 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
211 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Greenwood, P.J.; Powell, R.P. |
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Title |
Ranks and relationships in Highland ponies and Highland Cows |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Z. Tierpsychol. |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
202-216 |
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Keywords |
Agonistic Behavior; Animals; *Cattle; Female; Grooming; *Horses; Male; *Social Dominance; Spatial Behavior |
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Abstract |
Recent studies of primates have questioned the importance of dominance hierarchies in groups living under natural conditions. In a herd of Highland ponies and one of Highland cattle grazing under free-range conditions on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) well defined hierarchies were present. The provision of food produced a marked increase in the frequency of agonistic interactions but had no effect on the rank systems of the two herds. While rank was clearly important in affecting the distribution of agonistic interactions, it was poorly related to behaviour in non-agonistic situations. |
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0044-3573 |
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PMID:961125 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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661 |
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Author |
Wolter, R.; Stefanski, V.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Parameters for the Analysis of Social Bonds in Horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Animals |
Abbreviated Journal |
Animals |
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8 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
191 |
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Keywords |
feral horses; mutual grooming; social bonds; social bond analysis; spatial proximity |
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Abstract |
Social bond analysis is of major importance for the evaluation of social relationships in group housed horses. However, in equine behaviour literature, studies on social bond analysis are inconsistent. Mutual grooming (horses standing side by side and gently nipping, nuzzling, or rubbing each other), affiliative approaches (horses approaching each other and staying within one body length), and measurements of spatial proximity (horses standing with body contact or within two horse-lengths) are commonly used. In the present study, we assessed which of the three parameters is most suitable for social bond analysis in horses, and whether social bonds are affected by individual and group factors. We observed social behaviour and spatial proximity in 145 feral horses, five groups of Przewalski�s horses (N = 36), and six groups of feral horses (N = 109) for 15 h per group, on three days within one week. We found grooming, friendly approaches, and spatial proximity to be robust parameters, as their correlation was affected only by the animals� sex (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.001, t = �2.7, p = 0.008) and the group size (GLMM: N = 145, SE < 0.001, t = 4.255, p < 0.001), but not by the horse breed, the aggression ratio, the social rank, the group, the group composition, and the individuals themselves. Our results show a trend for a correspondence between all three parameters (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.004, t = 1.95, p = 0.053), a strong correspondence between mutual grooming and friendly approaches (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.021, t = 3.922, p < 0.001), and a weak correspondence between mutual grooming and spatial proximity (GLMM: N = 145, SE = 0.04, t = 1.15, p = 0.25). We therefore suggest either using a combination of the proactive behaviour counts mutual grooming and friendly approaches, or using measurements of close spatial proximity, for the analysis of social bonds in horses within a limited time frame. |
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ISSN |
2076-2615 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6428 |
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Author |
Schino, G.; di Sorrentino, E.P.; Tiddi, B. |
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Title |
Grooming and coalitions in Japanese macaques (<em>Macaca fuscata</em>): Partner choice and the time frame reciprocation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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Volume |
121 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
181-188 |
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Keywords |
*Altruism; *Animal Grooming Behavior; *Animal Social Behavior; *Reciprocity; Monkeys |
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Abstract |
Evidence of a reciprocal exchange of grooming and agonistic support in primates is mixed. In this study, the authors analyzed a large database of grooming and coalitions in captive female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) to investigate their within-group distribution and temporal relations. Macaques groomed preferentially those individuals that groomed them most and supported preferentially those individuals that supported them most. They also supported preferentially those individuals that groomed them most and groomed preferentially those individuals that supported them most. These results were not explained by covariation of grooming and support with third variables such as kinship, rank, or time spent in proximity. However, receiving grooming did not increase the short-term probability of supporting a partner, and being supported did not increase the short-term probability of grooming a partner. The proximate mechanisms underlying the exchange of services were discussed in relation to the time frame of the behavioral choices made by the monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Schino, Gabriele: Via Lucilio 36, Roma, Italy, 00136, gschino@casaccia.enea.it |
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American Psychological Association |
Place of Publication |
Us |
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1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 2007-07076-007 |
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5810 |
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Author |
Hewitt, S.E.; Macdonald, D.W.; Dugdale, H.L. |
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Title |
Context-dependent linear dominance hierarchies in social groups of European badgers, Meles meles |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
77 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
161-169 |
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Keywords |
David's score; directed aggression; dominance rank; European badger; grooming behaviour; linear dominance hierarchy; Meles meles; reproductive success; relatedness; social status |
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Abstract |
A social hierarchy is generally assumed to exist in those mammalian societies in which the costs and benefits of group living are distributed unevenly among group members. We analysed infrared closed-circuit television footage, collected over 3 years in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, to test whether social groups of European badgers have dominance hierarchies. Analysis of directed aggression between dyads revealed linear dominance hierarchies in three social-group-years, but patterns within social groups were not consistent across years. Dominance hierarchies were significantly steeper than random in five out of six social-group-years. In those social-group-years where a linear hierarchy was determined, there was an effect of sex on dominance rank, with females gaining significantly higher rank than males in two social-group-years. Overall, rank was not related to age, nor did it appear to affect the likelihood of an individual being wounded, or an individual's breeding status. The latter resulted from nonorthogonality between sex and breeding status, as there were only two breeding males. Overall, hierarchies were primarily dominated by breeding females, and may occur when breeding competition arises. Relatedness, unreciprocated allogrooming and sequential allomarking were not consistently related to levels of directed aggression across social-group-years. We suggest that dominance structures within European badger groups may be context dependent, with future study required to complete our understanding of where, and when, they arise. |
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ISSN |
0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4695 |
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Author |
Mori, U. |
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Title |
Ecological and sociological studies of gelada baboons. Unit formation and the emergence of a new leader |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Contributions to Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Contrib Primatol |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
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Pages |
155-181 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Female; Grooming; *Haplorhini; Leadership; Male; *Social Behavior; Social Distance; *Theropithecus |
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0301-4231 |
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PMID:101335 |
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2048 |
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Author |
Mori, U. |
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Title |
Ecological and sociological studies of gelada baboons. Individual relationships within a unit |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Contributions to Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Contrib Primatol |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
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93-124 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Female; Grooming; *Haplorhini; *Leadership; Male; Paternal Behavior; *Social Behavior; *Theropithecus |
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0301-4231 |
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PMID:101345 |
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2046 |
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Laister, S.; Stockinger, B.; Regner, A.-M.; Zenger, K.; Knierim, U.; Winckler, C. |
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Title |
Social licking in dairy cattle--Effects on heart rate in performers and receivers |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
130 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
81-90 |
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Keywords |
Dairy cows; Allogrooming; Affiliative social behaviour; Cardiac activity; Affective states |
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Using heart rate (HR) measurements we investigated whether potential calming effects of social licking were evident for both active (performers) and passive (receivers) licking partners. A HR decline was assumed to indicate relaxation and thus the experience of positive emotions. Effects of the licking category (spontaneous, solicited), the animals' basic activity (standing, lying) and the licked body region (head, neck, rest) were also considered. Two studies (A, B) were carried out in the same loose housed Austrian Simmental dairy herd. HR was recorded in up to 20 focal animals on 16 and 18 days, respectively. Using either direct observations (A) or video recordings (B), social licking interactions were continuously observed. The cow's basic activity was recorded using scan sampling at 5 min intervals. Linear mixed effects models were applied separately for Study A and B in order to compare the mean HR of the licking bouts with the mean of the respective 5 min pre- and post-licking periods. In receivers we found a significant calming effect in terms of a HR decline during allogrooming in both studies (A: -1.3 beats per minute, B: -1.1 bpm). This effect was more pronounced when animals were standing (A/B: -2.4 bpm/-3.8 bpm). However, it was not affected by the licked body region. In dairy cows performing social licking, we did not find an overall calming effect. On the contrary, in Study B, HR significantly increased during licking in lying performers (+2.5 bpm). This reaction was even stronger, when licking was directed to the receivers' head (+3.5 bpm) or neck (+3.0 bpm) as compared to the rest of the body (+1.4 bpm). The licking category had no effect on HR changes during the licking events. Our findings suggest that relaxation effects induced by social licking differ between performers and receivers and are affected by the cows' basic activity. In receivers, there were clear indications of a calming effect implying the experience of positive affective states. In performers, such calming effects during social licking were not identified. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5331 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Aureli, F.; Judge, P.G. |
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Title |
Coping with crowding |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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Volume |
282 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
76-81 |
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Keywords |
*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Emotions; Female; Grooming; Homicide; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Population Density; Primates; Rodentia; Rural Population; Territoriality; Urban Population; Violence |
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Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:11056991 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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184 |
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VanDierendonck, M.C.; de Vries, H.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Colenbrander, B.; Þorhallsdóttir, A.G. and Sigurjónsdóttir, H. |
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Title |
Interventions in social behaviour in a herd of mares and geldings |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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116 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
67-73 |
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Horses; Social relationships; Interventions; Mares; Geldings; Play; Allogrooming; Social network |
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Abstract |
Social dynamics and maintenance of social cohesion were studied by analysing social interventions in two groups of horses consisting of adult mares, their offspring, adult geldings and sub-adults. The animals were observed for a total of 1316 h. All relevant dyadic and triadic social interactions, including initial behaviour, possible intervention and outcome, were recorded. The main question was: do horses use interventions in affiliative interactions to safeguard their social network? Horses were significantly more likely to intervene in allogrooming or play interactions that involved a preferred partner. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming, the higher the likelihood the intervener took over allogrooming with an initial dyad member. Interveners originating from two newly introduced groups (n = 3 and 5), intervened significantly more often when a member of their own group allogroomed with an unfamiliar horse. In play, no correlation with unfamiliarity was found. Overall, the intervening horses stopped more than half of the initial allogrooming interactions, and a third of all interactions. Therefore, social facilitation cannot sufficiently explain interference behaviour. This study shows that maintaining relationships with preferred partners is important to horses and has implications for equine husbandry and management. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4766 |
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