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| Author | Ducro, B.J.; Koenen, E.P.C.; van Tartwijk, J.M.F.M.; Bovenhuis, H. | ||||
| Title | Genetic relations of movement and free-jumping traits with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition of Dutch Warmblood horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Livestock Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 107 | Issue | 2-3 | Pages | 227-234 |
| Keywords | Horse; Heritability; Movement; Free-jumping; Dressage | ||||
| Abstract | Genetic parameters for traits evaluated at the studbook entry inspection and genetic correlations with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition were estimated. Data comprised 36,649 Warmblood horses that entered the studbook between 1992 and 2002. The genetic analyses were performed using univariate and bivariate animal models. Heritabilities of the studbook entry traits were estimated in the range 0.15-0.40. The movement traits showed moderate to strong mutual genetic correlations, whereas the genetic correlations of movement traits with free-jumping traits were weak to moderate. The free-jumping traits showed strong to very strong mutual genetic correlations. Competition results of 33,459 horses with performance in dressage and 30,474 horse with performance in show-jumping were linked to the studbook entry data to estimate the genetic relationship with performance in competition. Heritability estimates for dressage and show jumping were 0.14. Genetic correlations of the movement traits with dressage were moderate to strong, and with show-jumping weak to moderate. Genetic correlations of the free-jumping traits with dressage were weak to moderate and unfavourable. The free-jumping traits were genetically strong to very strong correlated to show-jumping. It was concluded that a selection of the traits evaluated at the studbook entry inspection will favourably contribute to estimation of breeding values for sport performance. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3947 | ||
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| Author | Ducro, B.J.; Koenen, E.P.C.; van Tartwijk, J.M.F.M.; van Arendonk, J.A.M. | ||||
| Title | Genetic relations of First Stallion Inspection traits with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition of Dutch Warmblood horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Livestock Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 107 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 81-85 |
| Keywords | Riding horse; Heritability; Stallion inspection; Dressage; Show-jumping | ||||
| Abstract | Genetic parameters for traits evaluated at the First Stallion Inspection (FSI) and genetic correlations with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition were estimated. Data comprised 2361 stallions with FSI-observations from 1994 through 1999. Genetic analyses were performed using univariate and bivariate animal models. Heritability estimates of the FSI-traits ranged from 0.25 to 0.61. FSI-traits related to gaits showed strong genetic correlations (above 0.70) and FSI-traits related to free jumping had correlations close to unity. Competition results of 23,897 horses with performance in dressage and 22,811 horses with performance in show-jumping were linked to the FSI data to estimate the genetic relationship with performance in competition. Heritability estimates for dressage and show-jumping were 0.14. Genetic correlation between FSI-gaits and dressage in competition were positive, ranging from 0.37 to 0.72. Genetic correlation between FSI-jumping traits and show-jumping were all above 0.80. FSI-jumping traits showed negative correlations with dressage (about – 0.48). FSI-gait traits showed negative correlations with show-jumping, except for canter. It is concluded that selection at First Stallion Inspection comprises an important component of the stallion selection program, because FSI-traits have good genetic relationships with performance in competition and, due to the number of animals involved, relative high selection intensities can be achieved. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3948 | ||
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| Author | Hodson, E.F.; Clayton, H.M.; Lanovaz, J.L. | ||||
| Title | Temporal analysis of walk movements in the Grand Prix dressage test at the 1996 Olympic Games | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 62 | Issue | 2-3 | Pages | 89-97 |
| Keywords | Dressage; Horse; Kinematics; Locomotion; Gait | ||||
| Abstract | Video analysis was used to measure temporal characteristics of the collected walk, extended walk and half pirouette at walk of eleven competitors during the team dressage competition at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, GA. Forelimb stance durations, hind limb stance durations, lateral step intervals and diagonal step intervals were symmetrical for the right and left sides in the collected and extended walk strides, but there were left-right asymmetries in the forelimb stance duration and in the lateral step interval in the half pirouette strides. For both collected and extended walk strides, hind limb stance duration was significantly longer than forelimb stance duration. The mean values for the group of eleven horses showed that the collected and extended walks had a regular rhythm. The half pirouette strides showed an irregularity in which there was a short interval between footfalls of the outside forelimb and inside hind limb, and along interval between footfalls of the inside hind limb and inside forelimb. This irregularity reflected an early placement of the inside hind limb. The stance times of both hind limbs were prolonged and this finding, in combination with the early placement of the inside hind limb, led to an increase in the period of tripedal support in each stride of the half pirouette. This was interpreted as a means of maintaining the horses' balance in the absence of forward movement. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3960 | ||
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| Author | Koenen, E.P.C.; van Veldhuizen, A.E.; Brascamp, E.W. | ||||
| Title | Genetic parameters of linear scored conformation traits and their relation to dressage and show-jumping performance in the Dutch Warmblood Riding Horse population | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Livestock Production Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 43 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 85-94 |
| Keywords | Horse; Heritability; Conformation; Dressage; Show jumping | ||||
| Abstract | In this study genetic parameters of linear scored conformation traits of the Dutch Warmblood Riding Horse were estimated in relation to performance in competition. Observations on 10 665 mares were analyzed with an animal model including the fixed effects age, classifier, location and percentage of thoroughbred. Using restricted maximum likelihood algorithms, heritabilities of 26 linear scored conformation traits were estimated in the range 0.09-0.28. Several conformation traits had high up to very high mutual genetic correlations. Competition results of 3476 horses with performance in dressage and 3220 horses with performance in show-jumping were linked to the conformation data to estimate the genetic relationship between conformation and performance in competition. The model for the evaluation of the competition results included the fixed effects riding club, age and sex. Estimated heritabilities for dressage and show-jumping were 0.17 +/- 0.05 and 0.19 +/- 0.04, respectively. Genetic correlations between conformation and performance were low to moderate. The length of the neck, length and position of the shoulders, shape and length of croup and muscularity of the haunches had a significant moderate genetic correlation with dressage. Muscularity of the neck, shape of the croup and muscularity of the haunches had a significant genetic correlation with show-jumping. The results indicate that, due to the low genetic correlations with performance traits, indirect selection for performance using conformation results is of limited value. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3961 | ||
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| Author | Huizinga, H.A.; van der Werf, J.H.J.; Korver, S.; van der Meij, G.J.W. | ||||
| Title | Stationary performance testing of stallions from the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population. 1. Estimated genetic parameters of scored traits and the genetic relation with dressage and jumping competition from offspring of breeding stallions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | Livestock Production Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 2-3 | Pages | 231-244 |
| Keywords | dressage; genetic parameters; horse; jumping; performance; stallion | ||||
| Abstract | The stationary performance testing (SPT) of stallions as breeding candidates in the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population is evaluated. Genetic and phenotypic parameters of traits scored during SPT and the genetic correlation of these traits with performances in dressage and jumping competition from offspring of breeding stallions are estimated. Data from 1978-1988 are used, covering scores from 337 3-year-old stallions. Eight subjectively scored traits are considered. These traits are: walk; trot; canter; riding ability; show jumping; free jumping; cross country; character. SPT lasts for a period of 100 days. Data from SPT are analysed using an animal model. The relations between SPT of stallions and performances in jumping and dressage competition are analysed with an animal model for SPT data and a sire model for competition data. Variance and covariance components are estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures. Estimates of heritability are high (0.64) for gaits and riding ability, intermediate (0.41) for cross country and medium-high (0.31) for jumping. Estimated genetic correlation between show jumping scored during SPT and jumping in competition from offspring of breeding stallions is 0.84; for dressage this relation is 0.83. Some possible bias due to selection and the subjectivity of scoring is discussed. It is indicated that selection on SPT of stallions before entering breeding service is an effective tool to breed for ability of performance in competition. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3962 | ||
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| Author | Huizinga, H.A.; Korver, S.; van der Meij, G.J.W. | ||||
| Title | Stationary performance testing of stallions from the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population. 2. Estimated heritabilities of and correlations between successive judgements of performance traits | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | Livestock Production Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 2-3 | Pages | 245-254 |
| Keywords | dressage; genetic parameters; horse; jumping; performance; stallion | ||||
| Abstract | The length of test period of stationary performance testing (SPT) of stallions of the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population is evaluated. Heritability of successive judgements of traits and the phenotypic and genetic relations between successive judgements are estimated. Data from 1983-1988 are used, covering scores from 206 mostly 3-year-old stallions. Ten subjectively scored traits are considered: walk, trot, canter, riding ability, jumping ability, free jumping, cross country, character, stable behaviour, training report. Traits are successively scored at about 25, 50, 80 and 100 days in SPT. Missing scores are predicted on basis of the available scores using multiple partial regression coefficients. Validity of this method is checked in an independent data set for walk, trot and canter. The correlations between predicted and realized scores average 0.74, 0.77 and 0.79 when first, first and second, and first, second and third judgements are available, respectively. Variance and covariance components are estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures. Data from SPT are analysed using an animal model. Estimates of heritability are high and constant for gaits during the successive judgements. Except for stable behaviour estimates of heritability, the traits decrease slightly during the successive judgements. Estimates of the phenotypic and genetic correlations between successive judgements are high. It is concluded that length of SPT can be shortened and selection during SPT can be intensified. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3963 | ||
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| Author | Hemelrijk,C. K.; Wantia,J.; Gygax,L. | ||||
| Title | The construction of dominance order: comparing performance of five methods using an individual-based model | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Behaviour |
| Volume | 142 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1043-1064 |
| Keywords | dominance order, ranking method, agent-based model, statistical method, aggression | ||||
| Abstract | In studies of animal behaviour investigators correlate dominance with all kinds of behavioural variables, such as reproductive success and foraging success. Many methods are used to produce a dominance hierarchy from a matrix reflecting the frequency of winning dominance interactions. These different methods produce different hierarchies. However, it is difficult to decide which ranking method is best. In this paper, we offer a new procedure for this decision: we use an individual-based model, called DomWorld, as a test-environment. We choose this model, because it provides access to both the internal dominance values of artificial agents (which reflects their fighting power) and the matrix of winning and losing among them and, in addition, because its behavioural rules are biologically inspired and its group-level patterns resemble those of real primates. We compare statistically the dominance hierarchy based on the internal dominance values of the artificial agents with the dominance hierarchy produced by ranking individuals by (a) their total frequency of winning, (b) their average dominance index, (c) a refined dominance index, the David`s score, (d) the number of subordinates each individual has and (e) a ranking method based on maximizing the linear order of the hierarchy. Because dominance hierarchies may differ depending on group size, type of society, and the interval of study, we compare these ranking methods for these conditions.We study complete samples as well as samples randomly chosen to resemble the limitations of observing real animals. It appears that two methods of medium complexity (the average dominance index and David`s score) lead to hierarchical orders that come closest to the hierarchy based on internal dominance values of the agents. We advocate usage of the average dominance index, because of its computational simplicity. |
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 445 | ||
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| Author | Lindberg, A.C.; Kelland, A.; Nicol, C.J. | ||||
| Title | Effects of observational learning on acquisition of an operant response in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 61 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 187-199 |
| Keywords | Horse; Observational learning; Stereotyped behaviour; Operant behaviour; Breed influence; Age influence | ||||
| Abstract | The effect of observational learning on the acquisition of an operant response was examined in eighteen riding horses and ponies. The test horses were randomly divided into three groups of six and individually exposed to one of three treatments. An additional horse was trained as a demonstrator, to perform the operant response. The observer horses watched either the demonstrator performing the bin-opening response (Group D+B); the demonstrator standing passively (Group D); or the operant bin in the absence of the demonstrator (Group B). Observers had access to and were free to interact with an identical bin during testing. Observers in Groups D+B and D were socially familiar with the demonstrator. Each test horse was tested once a day for 10 days. An ANOVA revealed no significant differences between treatment groups in the number of responses or the time taken to reach the learning criterion. However, there were highly significant differences between breed types, with non-warmbloods performing more bouts of opening the bin and feeding (p=0.02), feeding from the bin sooner (p=0.01) and reaching the criterion for learning sooner than warmbloods (p=0.05). There was also a significant negative linear relationship between horses' ages and time spent investigating the bin, with younger horses performing more investigative behaviour (y=-3.08x+106.86; p=0.02). | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 562 | ||
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| Author | Linklater, W.L.; Cameron, E.Z.; Stafford, K.J.; Veltman, C.J. | ||||
| Title | Social and spatial structure and range use by Kaimanawa wild horses (Equus caballus: Equidae) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | New Zealand Journal of Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | New Zealand J. Ecol. |
| Volume | 24 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 139-152 |
| Keywords | Bachelor male; Band; Density; Habitat use; Home range; Management proposals; Micro-climate; Vegetation monitoring; habitat use; home range; mammal; social structure; spatial distribution; New Zealand; Equus caballus | ||||
| Abstract | We measured horse density, social structure, habitat use, home ranges and altitudinal micro-climates in the south-western Kaimanawa ranges east of Waiouru, New Zealand. Horse density in the Auahitotara ecological sector averaged 3.6 horses.km-2 and ranged from 0.9 to 5.2 horses.km-2 within different zones. The population's social structure was like that of other feral horse populations with an even adult sex ratio, year round breeding groups (bands) with stable adult membership consisting of 1 to 11 mares, 1 to 4 stallions, and their predispersal offspring, and bachelor groups with unstable membership. Bands and bachelor males were loyal to undefended home ranges with central core use areas. Band home range sizes varied positively with adult band size. Home ranges overlapped entirely with other home ranges. Horses were more likely to occupy north facing aspects, short tussock vegetation and flush zones and avoid high altitudes, southern aspects, steeper slopes, bare ground and forest remnants. Horses were more likely to be on north facing aspects, steeper slopes, in exotic and red tussock grasslands and flush zones during winter and at lower altitudes and on gentler slopes in spring and summer. Seasonal shifts by bands to river basin and stream valley floors in spring and higher altitudes in autumn and winter are attributed to the beginning of foaling and mating in spring and formation of frost inversion layers in winter. Given horse habitat selectivity and the presence of other ungulate herbivores, results from present exclosures are likely to exaggerate the size of horse impacts on range vegetation. Proposals to manage the population by relocation and confinement are likely to modify current social structure and range use behaviour and may lead to the need for more intensive management in the longer term. | ||||
| Address | Ecology Group, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand | ||||
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| ISSN | 01106465 (Issn) | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 12; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Linklater, W.L.; Ecology Group; Institute of Natural Resources; Massey University; Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North, New Zealand; email: wlinklater@hotmail.com | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 793 | ||
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| Author | Lansade, L.; Bertrand, M.; Bouissou, M.-F. | ||||
| Title | Effects of neonatal handling on subsequent manageability, reactivity and learning ability of foals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 92 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 143-158 |
| Keywords | Horse; Neonatal handling; Manageability; Emotional reactivity; Learning-ability; Human-animal relationship | ||||
| Abstract | Behaviour is an important factor to be taken into account in the various uses of horses. Today horses are mainly used for sport and leisure activities. They should therefore be easy to manage, calm and not fearful. Early handling is known to improve manageability and learning ability and to reduce fearfulness in various species. It has become fashionable in the horse industry to use an early training procedure, referred to as “imprint training”, which is said to produce durable if not permanent effects. However, no studies concerning the long-term effects of such neonatal handling have been carried out in horses. The present study examines the short- and long-term effects of neonatal handling on manageability, general reactivity and learning ability of foals. Twenty-six Welsh foals were studied: 13 were handled daily for 14 days from birth and 13 were non-handled controls. The handling procedure consisted of fitting a halter, gently patting all parts of each foal's body, picking up feet and leading over 40 m. Two days, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after the end of the handling period, foals underwent behavioural tests to measure their manageability and various aspects of their reactivity. The results showed that neonatal handling has only short-term effects on manageability: 2 days after the handling period, handled animals were significantly easier to handle than controls for the four parameters measured during this test (time to fit a halter, time to pick up feet, walk ratio that is time during which foal walks under constraint/total time measured during leading and number of defensive reactions). Two parameters (time to fit a halter and walk ratio) were still lower in handled foals than in non-handled foals 3 months later and only one 6 months later (walk ratio). One year later there was no difference between groups. In addition, there was no effect of handling on reactivity at any time of testing or in any of the tests (reaction to isolation from conspecifics, presence of a human, presence of a novel object and to a surprise effect). Finally, neonatal handling did not improve the spatial or discriminative learning abilities measured at 14 months of age. To conclude, the effects of neonatal handling are only temporary. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 841 | ||
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