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	Author	Zhang, T.-Y.; Parent, C.; Weaver, I.; Meaney, M.J.
	Title	Maternal programming of individual differences in defensive responses in the rat			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1032	Issue		Pages	85-103
	Keywords	Adaptation, Biological; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Gene Expression/physiology; Humans; Individuality; Maternal Behavior; Phenotype; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
	Abstract	This paper describes the results of a series of studies showing that variations in mother-pup interactions program the development of individual differences in behavioral and endocrine stress responses in the rat. These effects are associated with altered expression of genes in brain regions, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, that regulate the expression of stress responses. Studies from evolutionary biology suggest that such “maternal effects” are common and often associated with variations in the quality of the maternal environment. Together these findings suggest an epigenetic process whereby the experience of the mother alters the nature of the parent-offspring interactions and thus the phenotype of the offspring.
	Address	McGill Program for the Study of Behavior, Genes and Environment, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 boul. LaSalle, Montreal (Quebec), Canada H4H 1R3
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15677397			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4132
Permanent link to this record



	Author	de Wall, F.B.; Aureli, F.
	Title	Conflict resolution and distress alleviation in monkeys and apes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	807	Issue		Pages	317-328
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Arousal; Conflict (Psychology); Empathy; Haplorhini/psychology; Hominidae/psychology; Humans; Learning; Models, Psychological; *Social Behavior; Stress, Psychological
	Abstract	Research on nonhuman primates has produced compelling evidence for reconciliation and consolation, that is, postconflict contacts that serve to respectively repair social relationships and reassure distressed individuals, such as victims of attack. This has led to a view of conflict and conflict resolution as an integrated part of social relationships, hence determined by social factors and modifiable by the social environment. Implications of this new model of social conflict are discussed along with evidence for behavioral flexibility, the value of cooperation, and the possibility that distress alleviation rests on empathy, a capacity that may be present in chimpanzees and humans but not in most other animals.
	Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@rmy.emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9071360			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2882
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	Author	Levy, J.
	Title	The mammalian brain and the adaptive advantage of cerebral asymmetry			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	299	Issue		Pages	264-272
	Keywords	Adaptation, Physiological; Adaptation, Psychological/physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Brain/physiology; Cognition/physiology; Dominance, Cerebral/physiology; Evolution; Humans; Intelligence; Perception/physiology
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:280207			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4137
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.; Aureli, F.; Judge, P.G.
	Title	Coping with crowding			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	282	Issue	5	Pages	76-81
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Emotions; Female; Grooming; Homicide; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Population Density; Primates; Rodentia; Rural Population; Territoriality; Urban Population; Violence
	Abstract
	Address	Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11056991			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	184
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Garamszegi, L.Z.; Møller, A.P.; Erritzøe, J.
	Title	Coevolving avian eye size and brain size in relation to prey capture and nocturnality			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci
	Volume	269	Issue	1494	Pages	961-967
	Keywords	adaptation; behaviour; brain size; coevolution; eye size; vision
	Abstract	Behavioural adaptation to ecological conditions can lead to brain size evolution. Structures involved in behavioural visual information processing are expected to coevolve with enlargement of the brain. Because birds are mainly vision–oriented animals, we tested the predictions that adaptation to different foraging constraints can result in eye size evolution, and that species with large eyes have evolved large brains to cope with the increased amount of visual input. Using a comparative approach, we investigated the relationship between eye size and brain size, and the effect of prey capture technique and nocturnality on these traits. After controlling for allometric effects, there was a significant, positive correlation between relative brain size and relative eye size. Variation in relative eye and brain size were significantly and positively related to prey capture technique and nocturnality when a potentially confounding variable, aquatic feeding, was controlled statistically in multiple regression of independent linear contrasts. Applying a less robust, brunching approach, these patterns also emerged, with the exception that relative brain size did not vary with prey capture technique. Our findings suggest that relative eye size and brain size have coevolved in birds in response to nocturnal activity and, at least partly, to capture of mobile prey.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1098/rspb.2002.1967			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5452
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	Author	Weaver, A.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	The mother-offspring relationship as a template in social development: reconciliation in captive brown capuchins (Cebus apella)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	117	Issue	1	Pages	101-110
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cebus; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Male; Maternal Behavior; Pilot Projects; Social Behavior; Statistics, Nonparametric
	Abstract	Mother-offspring (MO) relationship quality was investigated to determine its influence on the development of reconciliation--affiliation between opponents shortly after a fight--because it influenceswhat distressed youngsters learn about calming down. Data were longitudinal and cross-sectional observational samples of 38 MO pairs of monkeys across 24 months. An MO relationship quality index (RQI) classified each pair as secure or insecure. Reconciliation emerged in infancy.Secure youngsters had an appeasing conciliatory style, and insecure youngsters had an agitated conciliatory style. Conclusions are that reconciliation develops from the attachment behavior system and MO RQI is related to the particular conciliatory style youngsters develop by affecting how aroused they are by conflict and the subsequent socializing they seek to calm down.
	Address	Living Links, Yerkes Primate Center and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dazzlingdolphins@cox.net
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12735370			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	180
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	Author	Feuerstein, N.; Terkel, J.
	Title	Interrelationships of dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus L.) living under the same roof			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	113	Issue	1-3	Pages	150-165
	Keywords	Cats; Dogs; Shared home; Interrelationship; Aggression; Amicability; Indifference; Adaptation
	Abstract	In the process of domestication, dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) have undergone thousands of years of genetic changes that have adapted them to the human environment. Both species have acquired a global distribution and it has become quite common to find homes with the two living side by side. Nevertheless, there is widespread belief that interspecific communication between dogs and cats is problematic, stemming from their separate evolutionary development and different social structures. Consequently, many people considering possible adoption of both species are concerned about their ability to get along. Interrelationships of dogs and cats living together were studied here in an attempt to determine the main factors influencing the type of relationship likely to develop between the two species. Two approaches were used: (1) a questionnaire completed by owners of both dog(s) and cat(s), which provided a broad database of the animals' behaviors; and (2) observations carried out in participants' homes on their dog-cat interactions. Two separate ethograms for dogs and cats served for analyses of their body language. The findings revealed the following: Both species showed a similar ability to establish a relatively amicable relationship with the other species; the animals' gender had little influence on the nature of their interrelationship; and adoption of the cat prior to the dog appears to conduce to establishing an amicable relationship, as does their first encounter taking place at an early age (up to 6 months of age in cats and up to 1 year in dogs). The findings also suggest that the majority of these dogs and cats understood the particular body language displayed by one animal that has an opposite meaning for the other species; and that the earlier the age of first encounter between the two, the better this understanding. It can be concluded that exposure of both species at an early age to the presence of the other facilitates the learning of each other's body language, and the consequent establishment of an amicable relationship. A better understanding of the various factors that contribute to determining the two species' relationship should not only improve the quality of life of these pets, but also reassure and encourage more people to adopt both cat and dog.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4757
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	Author	Lee, R.D.
	Title	Rethinking the evolutionary theory of aging: transfers, not births, shape senescence in social species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
	Volume	100	Issue	16	Pages	9637-9642
	Keywords	Adaptation, Physiological; Aging; Animals; Biological Evolution; Demography; Economics; Environment; Fertility; Humans; Life Expectancy; Longevity; Models, Theoretical; Parturition; Population Dynamics; Population Growth; Reproduction
	Abstract	The classic evolutionary theory of aging explains why mortality rises with age: as individuals grow older, less lifetime fertility remains, so continued survival contributes less to reproductive fitness. However, successful reproduction often involves intergenerational transfers as well as fertility. In the formal theory offered here, age-specific selective pressure on mortality depends on a weighted average of remaining fertility (the classic effect) and remaining intergenerational transfers to be made to others. For species at the optimal quantity-investment tradeoff for offspring, only the transfer effect shapes mortality, explaining postreproductive survival and why juvenile mortality declines with age. It also explains the evolution of lower fertility, longer life, and increased investments in offspring.
	Address	Department of Demography, University of California, 2232 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720-2120, USA. rlee@demog.berkeley.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12878733			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5465
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	Author	Young, L.E.; Rogers, K.; Wood, J.L.N.
	Title	Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Physiol
	Volume	99	Issue	4	Pages	1278-1285
	Keywords	Adaptation, Physiological; Aging/physiology; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Echocardiography; Female; Heart/physiology; Heart Ventricles; Horses/physiology; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Running/physiology; Stroke Volume; Systole; Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	Cardiac morphology in human athletes is known to differ, depending on the sports-specific endurance component of their events, whereas anecdotes abound about superlative athletes with large hearts. As the heart determines stroke volume and maximum O(2) uptake in mammals, we undertook a study to test the hypothesis that the morphology of the equine heart would differ between trained horses, depending on race type, and that left ventricular size would be greatest in elite performers. Echocardiography was performed in 482 race-fit Thoroughbreds engaged in either flat (1,000-2,500 m) or jump racing (3,200-6,400 m). Body weight and sex-adjusted measures of left ventricular size were largest in horses engaged in jump racing over fixed fences, compared with horses running shorter distances on the flat (range 8-16%). The observed differences in cardiac morphologies suggest that subtle differences in training and competition result in cardiac adaptations that are appropriate to the endurance component of the horses' event. Derived left ventricular mass was strongly associated with published rating (quality) in horses racing over longer distances in jump races (P < or = 0.001), but less so for horses in flat races. Rather, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular mass combined were positively associated with race rating in older flat racehorses running over sprint (<1,408 m) and longer distances (>1,408 m), explaining 25-35% of overall variation in performance, as well as being closely associated with performance in longer races over jumps (23%). These data provide the first direct evidence that cardiac size influences athletic performance in a group of mammalian running athletes.
	Address	Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK. lesley.young@aht.org.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8750-7587	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15920096			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3768
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	Author	Cooper, J.J.; Albentosa, M.J.
	Title	Behavioural adaptation in the domestic horse: potential role of apparently abnormal responses including stereotypic behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Livestock Production Science	Abbreviated Journal	Livest. Prod. Sci.
	Volume	92	Issue	2	Pages	177-182
	Keywords	Behavioural adaptation; Horse; Stereotypic behaviour
	Abstract	Classically, biologists have considered adaptation of behavioural characteristics in terms of long-term functional benefits to the individual, such as survival or reproductive fitness. In captive species, including the domestic horse, this level of explanation is limited, as for the most part, horses are housed in conditions that differ markedly from those in which they evolved. In addition, an individual horse's reproductive fitness is largely determined by man rather than its own behavioural strategies. Perhaps for reasons of this kind, explanations of behavioural adaptation to environmental challenges by domestic animals, including the capacity to learn new responses to these challenges, tend to concentrate on the proximate causes of behaviour. However, understanding the original function of these adaptive responses can help us explain why animals perform apparently novel or functionless activities in certain housing conditions and may help us to appreciate what the animal welfare implications might be. This paper reviews the behavioural adaptation of the domestic horse to captivity and discusses how apparently abnormal behaviour may not only provide a useful practical indicator of specific environmental deficiencies but may also serve the animal as an adaptive response to these deficiencies in an “abnormal” environment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0301-6226	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4829
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