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	Author	Mercado, E. 3rd; Herman, L.M.; Pack, A.A.
	Title	Song copying by humpback whales: themes and variations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	2	Pages	93-102
	Keywords	Acoustics; Animals; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Male; Sound Spectrography; Vocalization, Animal; Whales/psychology
	Abstract	Male humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) produce long, structured sequences of sound underwater, commonly called “songs.” Humpbacks progressively modify their songs over time in ways that suggest that individuals are copying song elements that they hear being used by other singers. Little is known about the factors that determine how whales learn from their auditory experiences. Song learning in birds is better understood and appears to be constrained by stable core attributes such as species-specific sound repertoires and song syntax. To clarify whether similar constraints exist for song learning by humpbacks, we analyzed changes over 14 years in the sounds used by humpback whales singing in Hawaiian waters. We found that although the properties of individual sounds within songs are quite variable over time, the overall distribution of certain acoustic features within the repertoire appears to be stable. In particular, our findings suggest that species-specific constraints on temporal features of song sounds determine song form, whereas spectral variability allows whales to flexibly adapt song elements.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. emiii@buffalo.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15490289			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2505
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	Author	Thornton, A.; McAuliffe, K.
	Title	Teaching in wild meerkats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	313	Issue	5784	Pages	227-229
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/psychology; Behavior, Animal; Herpestidae/psychology; Learning; Predatory Behavior; South Africa; *Teaching; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Despite the obvious benefits of directed mechanisms that facilitate the efficient transfer of skills, there is little critical evidence for teaching in nonhuman animals. Using observational and experimental data, we show that wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta) teach pups prey-handling skills by providing them with opportunities to interact with live prey. In response to changing pup begging calls, helpers alter their prey-provisioning methods as pups grow older, thus accelerating learning without the use of complex cognition. The lack of evidence for teaching in species other than humans may reflect problems in producing unequivocal support for the occurrence of teaching, rather than the absence of teaching.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. jant2@cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16840701			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2834
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	The acoustic features of vervet monkey grunts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America	Abbreviated Journal	J Acoust Soc Am
	Volume	75	Issue	5	Pages	1623-1628
	Keywords	Acoustics; Animals; Auditory Perception; Cercopithecus/physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/physiology; Cues; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Male; Social Behavior; Sound Spectrography; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	East African vervet monkeys give short (125 ms), harsh-sounding grunts to each other in a variety of social situations: when approaching a dominant or subordinate member of their group, when moving into a new area of their range, or upon seeing another group. Although all these vocalizations sound similar to humans, field playback experiments have shown that the monkeys distinguish at least four different calls. Acoustic analysis reveals that grunts have an aperiodic F0, at roughly 240 Hz. Most grunts exhibit a spectral peak close to this irregular F0. Grunts may also contain a second, rising or falling frequency peak, between 550 and 900 Hz. The location and changes in these two frequency peaks are the cues most likely to be used by vervets when distinguishing different grunt types.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-4966	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6736426			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	703
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	Author	Owren, M.J.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	The acoustic features of vowel-like grunt calls in chacma baboons (Papio cyncephalus ursinus): implications for production processes and functions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America	Abbreviated Journal	J Acoust Soc Am
	Volume	101	Issue	5 Pt 1	Pages	2951-2963
	Keywords	Animals; Female; Papio; Sound Spectrography; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	The acoustic features of 216 baboon grunts were investigated through analysis of field-recorded calls produced by identified females in known contexts. Analyses addressed two distinct questions: whether the acoustic features of these tonal sounds could be characterized using a source-filter approach and whether the acoustic features of grunts varied by individual caller and social context. Converging evidence indicated that grunts were produced through a combination of periodic laryngeal vibration and a stable vocal tract filter. Their acoustic properties closely resembled those of prototypical human vowel sounds. In general, variation in the acoustic features of the grunts was more strongly related to caller identity than to the social contexts of calling. However, two acoustic parameters, second formant frequency and overall spectral tilt, did vary consistently depending on whether the caller was interacting with an infant or participating in a group move. Nonetheless, in accordance with the general view that identity cueing is a compelling function in animal communication, it can be concluded that much of the observed variability in grunt acoustics is likely to be related to this aspect of signaling. Further, cues related to vocal tract filtering appear particularly likely to play an important role in identifying individual calling animals.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA. michael.owren@reed.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-4966	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9165741			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	698
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	Author	Schmidt, R.; Amrhein, V.; Kunc, H.P.; Naguib, M.
	Title	The day after: effects of vocal interactions on territory defence in nightingales			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	The Journal of Animal Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	T. J. Anim. Ecol.
	Volume	76	Issue	1	Pages	168-173
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Male; Songbirds/physiology; Territoriality; Time Factors; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology
	Abstract	1. Models on territory acquisition and tenure predict that territorial animals benefit by adjusting territorial defence behaviour to previous challenges they had experienced within the socially complex environment of communication networks. 2. Here, we addressed such issues of social cognition by investigating persisting effects of vocal contests on territory defence behaviour in nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos (Brehm). 3. Using interactive playback during nocturnal song of subjects, a rival was simulated to countersing either aggressively (by song overlapping) or moderately (by song alternating) from outside the subjects' territory. Thereby, the time-specific singing strategy provided an experimentally controlled source of information on the motivation of an unfamiliar rival. 4. Expecting that nightingales integrate information with time, the same rival was simulated to return as a moderately singing intruder on the following morning. 5. The results show that the vigour with which male nightingales responded to the simulated intrusion of an opponent during the day depended on the nature of the nocturnal vocal interaction experienced several hours before. 6. Males that had received the song overlapping playback the preceding night approached the simulated intruder more quickly and closer and sang more songs near the loudspeaker than did males that had received a song alternating playback. 7. This adjustment of territory defence strategies depending on information from prior signalling experience suggests that integrating information with time plays an important part in territory defence by affecting a male's decision making in a communication network.
	Address	Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100 131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. rouven.schmidt@uni-bielefeld.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8790	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17184365			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2749
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	Author	Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Silk, J.B.
	Title	The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	109	Issue	2	Pages	134-141
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; Awareness; Concept Formation; Dominance-Subordination; Fear; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Papio/psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) understanding of cause-effect relations in the context of social interactions was examined through use of a playback experiment. Under natural conditions, dominant female baboons often grunt to more subordinate mothers when interacting with their infants. Mothers occasionally respond to these grunts by uttering submissive fear barks. Subjects were played causally inconsistent call sequences in which a lower ranking female apparently grunted to a higher ranking female, and the higher ranking female apparently responded with fear barks. As a control, subjects heard a sequence made causally consistent by the inclusion of grunts from a 3rd female that was dominant to both of the others. Subjects responded significantly more strongly to the causally inconsistent sequences, suggesting that they recognized the factors that cause 1 individual to give submissive vocalizations to another.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7758289			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	348
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	Author	Kiley, M.
	Title	The vocalizations of ungulates, their causation and function			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie	Abbreviated Journal	Z. Tierpsychol.
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	171-222
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Artiodactyla; Cattle; Fear; Female; Frustration; Horses; Humans; Male; Pain; Perissodactyla; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Swine; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0044-3573	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4674022			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	681
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	Author	Owren, M.J.; Dieter, J.A.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques cross-fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Developmental psychobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Psychobiol
	Volume	26	Issue	7	Pages	389-406
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Environment; Female; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Male; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Two rhesus and two Japanese macaque infants were cross-fostered between species in order to study the effects of auditory experience on vocal development. Both the cross-fostered and normally raised control subjects were observed over the first 2 years of life and their vocalizations were tape-recorded. We classified 8053 calls by ear, placed each call in one of six acoustic categories, and calculated the rates at which different call-types were used in different social contexts. Species differences were found in the use of “coo” and “gruff” vocalizations among control subjects. Japanese macaques invariably produced coos almost exclusively. In contrast, rhesus macaques produced a mixture of coos and gruffs and showed considerable interindividual variation in the relative use of one call type or the other. Cross-fostered Japanese macaques adhered to their species-typical behavior, rarely using gruffs. Cross-fostered rhesus subjects also exhibited species-typical behavior in many contexts, but in some situations produced coos and gruffs at rates that were intermediate between those shown by normally raised animals of the two species. This outcome suggests that environmentally mediated modification of vocal behavior may have occurred, but that the resulting changes were quite limited.
	Address	California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-1630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8270122			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	700
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	Author	Janik, V.M.
	Title	Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	289	Issue	5483	Pages	1355-1357
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Dolphins/physiology; Imitative Behavior; Learning; Social Behavior; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Dolphin communication is suspected to be complex, on the basis of their call repertoires, cognitive abilities, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. Because of the difficulties involved in observing and recording individual cetaceans, very little is known about how they use their calls. This report shows that wild, unrestrained bottlenose dolphins use their learned whistles in matching interactions, in which an individual responds to a whistle of a conspecific by emitting the same whistle type. Vocal matching occurred over distances of up to 580 meters and is indicative of animals addressing each other individually.
	Address	School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Bute Building, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10958783			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	550
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	Author	Graham, M.; Letz, R.
	Title	Within-species variation in the development of ultrasonic signaling of preweanling rats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Developmental Psychobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Psychobiol
	Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	129-136
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn; Animals, Suckling; Body Weight; Cold/adverse effects; Environment; Genotype; Individuality; Object Attachment; Rats; Stress/physiopathology; Ultrasonics; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	The development of litter and individual differences in the rate of ultrasonic signaling of neonatal rats was studied. Systematic variations among litters and individuals emerged, without differential treatment. These differences were not correlated with variations in general development as indexed by body weight. Two experiments using a cross-fostering design showed that litter differences developed independently of variations in postnatal environment. These results indicate that the variations among litters in ultrasound rate have a prenatal, possibly genetic, etiology and may represent reliable indicants of response to environmental stress.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-1630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:456751			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4172
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