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	Author	de Waal, F.B.; Johanowicz, D.L.
	Title	Modification of reconciliation behavior through social experience: an experiment with two macaque species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Child development	Abbreviated Journal	Child Dev
	Volume	64	Issue	3	Pages	897-908
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Grooming; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Male; Play and Playthings; Socialization; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Reconciliation, defined as a friendly reunion between former opponents shortly after an aggressive encounter, is common in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) but rare in the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta). Juveniles of the two species were cohoused for 5 months, after which they were observed with conspecifics only. Control rhesus monkeys, matched in age and sex to the experimental subjects, went through the same procedure without exposure to the other species. A threefold increase in the proportion of reconciled fights was measured in the rhesus subjects. The difference emerged gradually during cohousing with the tutor species and was sustained following removal of this species. Other behavior, such as grooming and aggression, decreased over time. It is suggested that the social attitude of the subjects was affected through contact with a species characterized by a more relaxed dominance style.
	Address	Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0009-3920	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8339702			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	209
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Action imitation in birds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication	Abbreviated Journal	Learn Behav
	Volume	32	Issue	1	Pages	15-23
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Birds; Imitative Behavior; Imprinting (Psychology); Learning; Motivation; Psychological Theory; Social Environment; *Social Facilitation; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Action imitation, once thought to be a behavior almost exclusively limited to humans and the great apes, surprisingly also has been found in a number of bird species. Because imitation has been viewed by some psychologists as a form of intelligent behavior, there has been interest in how it is distributed among animal species. Although the mechanisms responsible for action imitation are not clear, we are now at least beginning to understand the conditions under which it occurs. In this article, I try to identify and differentiate the various forms of socially influenced behavior (species-typical social reactions, social effects on motivation, social effects on perception, socially influenced learning, and action imitation) and explain why it is important to differentiate imitation from other forms of social influence. I also examine some of the variables that appear to be involved in the occurrence of imitation. Finally, I speculate about why a number of bird species, but few mammal species, appear to imitate.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1543-4494	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15161137			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	230
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	Author	Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Silk, J.B.
	Title	The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	109	Issue	2	Pages	134-141
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; Awareness; Concept Formation; Dominance-Subordination; Fear; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Papio/psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) understanding of cause-effect relations in the context of social interactions was examined through use of a playback experiment. Under natural conditions, dominant female baboons often grunt to more subordinate mothers when interacting with their infants. Mothers occasionally respond to these grunts by uttering submissive fear barks. Subjects were played causally inconsistent call sequences in which a lower ranking female apparently grunted to a higher ranking female, and the higher ranking female apparently responded with fear barks. As a control, subjects heard a sequence made causally consistent by the inclusion of grunts from a 3rd female that was dominant to both of the others. Subjects responded significantly more strongly to the causally inconsistent sequences, suggesting that they recognized the factors that cause 1 individual to give submissive vocalizations to another.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7758289			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	348
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Marler, P.
	Title	Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	210	Issue	4471	Pages	801-803
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cercopithecidae/physiology; Fear; Female; Male; Predatory Behavior; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Vervet monkeys give different alarm calls to different predators. Recordings of the alarms played back when predators were absent caused the monkeys to run into trees for leopard alarms, look up for eagle alarms, and look down for snake alarms. Adults call primarily to leopards, martial eagles, and pythons, but infants give leopard alarms to various mammals, eagle alarms to many birds, and snake alarms to various snakelike objects. Predator classification improves with age and experience.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7433999			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	351
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	Author	Kiley, M.
	Title	The vocalizations of ungulates, their causation and function			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie	Abbreviated Journal	Z. Tierpsychol.
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	171-222
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Artiodactyla; Cattle; Fear; Female; Frustration; Horses; Humans; Male; Pain; Perissodactyla; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Swine; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0044-3573	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4674022			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	681
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kitchen, D.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
	Title	Male chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) discriminate loud call contests between rivals of different relative ranks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	1-6
	Keywords	Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Discrimination Learning; Hierarchy, Social; Male; Papio hamadryas/psychology; Social Dominance; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Males in multi-male groups of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in Botswana compete for positions in a linear dominance hierarchy. Previous research suggests that males treat different categories of rivals differently; competitive displays between males of similar rank are more frequent and intense than those between disparately ranked males. Here we test whether males also respond differently to male-male interactions in which they are not directly involved, using playbacks of the loud 'wahoo' calls exchanged between competing males in aggressive displays. We played paired sequences of vocal contests between two adjacently ranked and two disparately ranked males to ten subjects, half ranking below the signalers in the call sequences and half above. Subjects who ranked above the two signalers showed stronger responses than lower-ranking subjects. Higher-ranking subjects also responded more strongly to sequences involving disparately ranked, as opposed to adjacently ranked opponents, suggesting that they recognized those individuals' relative ranks. Strong responses to sequences between disparately ranked opponents might have occurred either because such contests typically involve resources of high fitness value (defense of meat, estrous females or infants vulnerable to infanticide) or because they indicate a sudden change in one contestant's condition. In contrast, subjects who ranked lower than the signalers responded equally strongly to both types of sequences. These subjects may have been able to distinguish between the two categories of opponents but did not respond differently to them because they had little to lose or gain by a rank reversal between males that already ranked higher than they did.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. dkitchen@psych.upenn.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15164259			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	687
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Meaning and emotion in animal vocalizations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1000	Issue		Pages	32-55
	Keywords	Acoustics; Affect; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Intention; Posture; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Historically, a dichotomy has been drawn between the semantic communication of human language and the apparently emotional calls of animals. Current research paints a more complicated picture. Just as scientists have identified elements of human speech that reflect a speaker's emotions, field experiments have shown that the calls of many animals provide listeners with information about objects and events in the environment. Like human speech, therefore, animal vocalizations simultaneously provide others with information that is both semantic and emotional. In support of this conclusion, we review the results of field experiments on the natural vocalizations of African vervet monkeys, diana monkeys, baboons, and suricates (a South African mongoose). Vervet and diana monkeys give acoustically distinct alarm calls in response to the presence of leopards, eagles, and snakes. Each alarm call type elicits a different, adaptive response from others nearby. Field experiments demonstrate that listeners compare these vocalizations not just according to their acoustic properties but also according to the information they convey. Like monkeys, suricates give acoustically distinct alarm calls in response to different predators. Within each predator class, the calls also differ acoustically according to the signaler's perception of urgency. Like speech, therefore, suricate alarm calls convey both semantic and emotional information. The vocalizations of baboons, like those of many birds and mammals, are individually distinctive. As a result, when one baboon hears a sequence of calls exchanged between two or more individuals, the listener acquires information about social events in its group. Baboons, moreover, are skilled “eavesdroppers:” their response to different call sequences provides evidence of the sophisticated information they acquire from other individuals' vocalizations. Baboon males give loud “wahoo” calls during competitive displays. Like other vocalizations, these highly emotional calls provide listeners with information about the caller's dominance rank, age, and competitive ability. Although animal vocalizations, like human speech, simultaneously encode both semantic and emotional information, they differ from language in at least one fundamental respect. Although listeners acquire rich information from a caller's vocalization, callers do not, in the human sense, intend to provide it. Listeners acquire information as an inadvertent consequence of signaler behavior.
	Address	Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14766619			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	688
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Bergman, T.J.; Beehner, J.C.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
	Title	Hierarchical classification by rank and kinship in baboons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	302	Issue	5648	Pages	1234-1236
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Botswana; Cognition; Family; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Language; *Papio/psychology; Social Dominance; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Humans routinely classify others according to both their individual attributes, such as social status or wealth, and membership in higher order groups, such as families or castes. They also recognize that people's individual attributes may be influenced and regulated by their group affiliations. It is not known whether such rule-governed, hierarchical classifications are specific to humans or might also occur in nonlinguistic species. Here we show that baboons recognize that a dominance hierarchy can be subdivided into family groups. In playback experiments, baboons respond more strongly to call sequences mimicking dominance rank reversals between families than within families, indicating that they classify others simultaneously according to both individual rank and kinship. The selective pressures imposed by complex societies may therefore have favored cognitive skills that constitute an evolutionary precursor to some components of human cognition.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. thore@sas.upenn.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14615544			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	689
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Signalers and receivers in animal communication			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Annual review of psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Annu Rev Psychol
	Volume	54	Issue		Pages	145-173
	Keywords	Affect; Animal Communication; Animals; Arousal; Auditory Perception; Motivation; Social Behavior; Social Environment; Species Specificity; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment. The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior, they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide it.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0066-4308	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12359915			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	690
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Fischer, J.; Hammerschmidt, K.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
	Title	Acoustic features of male baboon loud calls: influences of context, age, and individuality			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America	Abbreviated Journal	J Acoust Soc Am
	Volume	111	Issue	3	Pages	1465-1474
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animal Communication; Animals; Individuality; Male; Papio; Social Environment; Sound Spectrography; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	The acoustic structure of loud calls (“wahoos”) recorded from free-ranging male baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in the Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana, was examined for differences between and within contexts, using calls given in response to predators (alarm wahoos), during male contests (contest wahoos), and when a male had become separated from the group (contact wahoos). Calls were recorded from adolescent, subadult, and adult males. In addition, male alarm calls were compared with those recorded from females. Despite their superficial acoustic similarity, the analysis revealed a number of significant differences between alarm, contest, and contact wahoos. Contest wahoos are given at a much higher rate, exhibit lower frequency characteristics, have a longer “hoo” duration, and a relatively louder “hoo” portion than alarm wahoos. Contact wahoos are acoustically similar to contest wahoos, but are given at a much lower rate. Both alarm and contest wahoos also exhibit significant differences among individuals. Some of the acoustic features that vary in relation to age and sex presumably reflect differences in body size, whereas others are possibly related to male stamina and endurance. The finding that calls serving markedly different functions constitute variants of the same general call type suggests that the vocal production in nonhuman primates is evolutionarily constrained.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. fischer@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-4966	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11931324			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	691
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