Records |
Author |
Boray, J.C. |
Title |
Experimental fascioliasis in Australia |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1969 |
Publication |
Advances in Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Adv Parasitol |
Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
95-210 |
Keywords |
Adaptation, Biological; Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Australia; Cattle; *Cattle Diseases/pathology; Climate; *Disease Vectors; Ecology; Electron Transport; Estivation; Fasciola hepatica/enzymology/*growth & development/metabolism/physiology; Fascioliasis/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/veterinary; Glycolysis; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Larva/growth & development/physiology; Marsupialia; Metamorphosis, Biological; Mice; New Guinea; New Zealand; Parasite Egg Count; Rats; Seasons; Sheep; *Sheep Diseases/pathology |
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0065-308X |
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PMID:4935272 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2744 |
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Author |
Czerlinski, G.H.; Erickson, J.O.; Theorell, H. |
Title |
Chemical relaxation studies on the horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase system |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Physiological Chemistry and Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol Chem Phys |
Volume |
11 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
537-569 |
Keywords |
Alcohol Oxidoreductases/*metabolism; Animals; Buffers; Electron Transport; Ethanol/metabolism; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Liver/*enzymology; Mathematics; NAD/metabolism; Oscillometry; Osmolar Concentration; Temperature; Time Factors |
Abstract |
Chemical relaxation studies on the system horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and ethanol were conducted observing fluorescence changes between 400 and 500 nm. Temperature-jump experiments were performed at pH 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0; concentration-jump experiments at pH 9.0. The reciprocal of the slowest relaxation time was found to be linearly dependent upon the enzyme concentration for relatively low enzyme concentrations, as predicted earlier. Use of the wide pH-range necessitated expression of the four apparent dissociation constants of the catalytic reaction cycle in terms of pH-independent constants. The system was described in terms of only one (or two) catalysis-linked protons not associated with the electron transfer. Protonic steps in a buffered system are in rapid equilibrium, too fast to be measured with the equipment available. Assuming only two of the four bimolecular reaction steps in the four-step cycle are fast compared to the remaining two, six cases may be considered with six expressions for the reciprocal of the slowest relaxation time. Comparison with the experimental data revealed that the bimolecular reaction steps governing the slowest relaxation time change with pH. Above the effective time resolution of the temperature-lump instrument with fluorescence detection (0.1 msec) only one other relaxation time was detectable and only at pH 9. This relaxation time, found to be independent of the concentration of all reactants within experimental error (r = 10 +/- 5 msec), is most likely due to an interconversion among ternary complexes. |
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ISSN |
0031-9325 |
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Notes |
PMID:44918 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3813 |
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Author |
Wilson, M.T.; Silvestrini, M.C.; Morpurgo, L.; Brunori, M. |
Title |
Electron transfer kinetics between Rhus vernicifera stellacyanin and cytochrome c (horse heart cytochrome c and Pseudomonas cytochrome c551) |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1979 |
Publication |
Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Inorg Biochem |
Volume |
11 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
95-100 |
Keywords |
Animals; Copper; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism; Electron Transport; Kinetics; Metalloproteins/*metabolism; Plant Proteins/*metabolism; *Plants, Toxic; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*metabolism; Toxicodendron/*metabolism |
Abstract |
The electron transfer reactions between Rhus vernicifera stellacyanin and either horse heart cytochrome c or Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c551 were investigated by rapid reaction techniques. The time course of electron transfer is monophasic under all conditions, and thus consistent with a simple formulation of the reaction. Both stopped-flow and temperature-jump experiments yield equilibrium constants in reasonable agreement with values calculated from the redox potentials. The differences in reaction rate between the two cytochromes and stellacyanin are discussed in terms of the Marcus theory. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0162-0134 |
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Notes |
PMID:228006 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
3879 |
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Author |
Gonzalez-Fernandez, J.M.; Atta, S.E. |
Title |
Facilitated transport of oxygen in the presence of membranes in the diffusion path |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Biophysical Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biophys J |
Volume |
38 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
133-141 |
Keywords |
Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane/*metabolism; Diffusion; Dogs; Horses; Humans; Kinetics; Mathematics; *Models, Biological; Muscles/*metabolism; Oxygen/*metabolism |
Abstract |
Most of the experimental observations on facilitated transport have been done with millipore filters, and all the theoretical studies have assumed homogeneous spatial properties. In striated muscle there exist membranes that may impede the diffusion of the carrier myoglobin. In this paper a theoretical study is undertaken to analyze the transport in the presence of membranes in the diffusion path. For the numerical computations physiologically relevant values of the parameters were chosen. The numerical results indicate that the presence of membranes tends to decrease the facilitation. For the nonlinear chemical kinetics of the reaction of oxygen with the carrier, this decrement also depends on the location of the membranes. At the higher oxygen concentration side of each membrane the flow of combined oxygen is transferred to the flow of dissolved oxygen. The reverse process occurs at the lower concentration side. Jump discontinuities of the concentration of the oxygen-carrier compound at each membrane are associated with these transfers. The decrement of facilitation is due to the cumulative effect of these jump discontinuities. |
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ISSN |
0006-3495 |
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Notes |
PMID:7093418 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3806 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
Title |
Stable vices and trailer problems |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1986 |
Publication |
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract |
Volume |
2 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
623-633 |
Keywords |
Aerophagy/veterinary; Aggression; Animals; *Animals, Domestic; *Behavior, Animal; Fear; Frustration; Habits; *Horses; Locomotion; Mastication; Social Environment; Transportation |
Abstract |
Stable vices include oral vices such as cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia, as well as stall walking, weaving, pawing, and stall kicking. Some of these behaviors are escape behaviors; others are forms of self-stimulation. Most can be eliminated by pasturing rather than stall confinement. Trailering problems include failure to load, scrambling in the moving trailer, struggling in the stationary trailer, and refusal to unload. Gradual habituation to entering the trailer, the presence of another horse, or a change in trailer type can be used to treat these problems. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0749-0739 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:3492249 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
48 |
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Author |
Atock, M.A.; Williams, R.B. |
Title |
Welfare of competition horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rev Sci Tech |
Volume |
13 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
217-232 |
Keywords |
*Animal Welfare; Animals; Doping in Sports; Ethics; Heat; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal/standards; Humidity; International Cooperation; Sports/*standards; Transportation/standards; Veterinary Medicine |
Abstract |
In the large majority of cases and circumstances, horses benefit from their association with man. However, abuse of horses can occur, due to neglect or through the pressures of competition. The welfare of all animals, including competition horses, has become increasingly topical over the past ten years. Equestrian sport is coming under closer public scrutiny due to reports of apparent abuse. The bodies responsible for regulating these sports strenuously endeavour to protect the welfare of horses which compete under their rules and regulations. The Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI: International Equestrian Federation) is the sole authority for all international events in dressage, show-jumping, three-day event, driving, endurance riding and vaulting. The FEI rules illustrate the ways in which the welfare of competing horses is safeguarded. |
Address |
Federation Equestre Internationale, Lausanne, Switzerland |
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English |
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ISSN |
0253-1933 |
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Notes |
PMID:8173097 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3747 |
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Author |
Waran, N.K.; Robertson, V.; Cuddeford, D.; Kokoszko, A.; Marlin, D.J. |
Title |
Effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards on their behaviour and heart rate |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
Volume |
139 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
7-11 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Heart Rate; *Horses; Male; Posture/*physiology; *Transportation |
Abstract |
The effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards were compared by transporting six thoroughbred horses in pairs in a lorry on one journey facing in the direction of travel, and on another journey facing away from the direction of travel, over a standard one-hour route. Heart rate monitors were used to record their heart rate before, during and after the journey and the horses' behaviour was recorded by scan sampling each horse every other minute. The average heart rate was significantly lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were transported facing backwards, and they also tended to rest on their rumps more (P = 0.059). In the forward-facing position, the horses moved more frequently (P < 0.05) and tended to hold their necks in a higher than normal position and to vocalise more frequently (P = 0.059). During loading the average peak heart rate was 38 bpm lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were backed into the horse box for rear-facing transport than when they were loaded facing forwards. However, there was no difference between transport facing forwards or backwards in terms of the peak unloading heart rate, or the average heart rate during loading or unloading. The horses seemed to find being transported less physically stressful when they were facing backwards than when they were facing forwards. |
Address |
Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, School of Agriculture |
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ISSN |
0042-4900 |
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Notes |
PMID:8966985 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1938 |
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Author |
Abeyesinghe, S.M.; Nicol, C.J.; Wathes. C.M.; Randall, J.M. |
Title |
Development of a raceway method to assess aversion of domestic fowl to concurrent stressors |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
56 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
175-194 |
Keywords |
previous termConcurrent stressors; Aversion; Domestic fowlnext term; Transport; Vibration; Hyperthermia |
Abstract |
The requirement for assessing the effects of stressor combinations in improving the welfare of animals has not been widely recognised. Knowledge of the effects of concurrent stressors is needed to improve environments such as transport, where animals are presented with many simultaneous challenges. However, no method for measuring the effects of different stressors with a common unit is currently available. A locomotor passive avoidance method was developed as a common currency measure of the aversion of domestic fowl to concurrent stressors, using vibrational and thermal stressors as an exemplar. Juvenile fowl, fasted overnight, were trained to run a raceway into a goal-box for small food rewards (FR1). When running consistently, the reinforcement schedule was superimposed with a FR5 treatment schedule (60 min confinement in the goal-box with either a control of no other stressors [N] or concurrent vibration and thermal stressors [VT]). Subsequent latency to return to the goal-box was recorded as a measure of aversion. The factors affecting bird response were addressed in a series of experiments to optimise the method and clarify interpretation of results. Pre-feeding (20% ration 2 h prior to testing) did not affect response, but increasing the number of treatment presentations facilitated learning and increased method sensitivity. Treatment responses were consistent across experiments; overall VT was avoided (P<0.001), but N was not. However, there was large individual variation in response to VT. A final experiment indicated that, given a visual discriminatory cue, birds were capable of learning the required association between entering the goal-box and receiving the treatment, suggesting that the delay responses were due to aversion rather than the immediate impact of treatment on ability to respond. Further work is required to test the singular stressors, but the method retains common currency potential for assessing aversion to multiple stressors. |
Address |
Bio-Engineering Division, Silsoe Research Institute, Wrest Park, Silsoe, MK45 4HS, Bedford, UK |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:11738510 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
85 |
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Author |
Ferguson, D.L.; Rosales-Ruiz, J. |
Title |
Loading the problem loader: the effects of target training and shaping on trailer-loading behavior of horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Behav Anal |
Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
409-423 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Conditioning, Operant; *Escape Reaction; Female; Horses/*psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); *Transportation |
Abstract |
The purpose of this study was to develop an effective method for trailer loading horses based on principles of positive reinforcement. Target training and shaping were used to teach trailer-loading behavior to 5 quarter horse mares in a natural setting. All 5 had been trailer loaded before through the use of aversive stimulation. Successive approximations to loading and inappropriate behaviors were the dependent variables. After training a horse to approach a target, the target was moved to various locations inside the trailer. Horses started training on the left side of a two-horse trailer. After a horse was loading on the left side, she was moved to the right side, then to loading half on the right and half on the left. A limited-hold procedure and the presence of a companion horse seemed to facilitate training for 1 horse. Inappropriate behaviors fell to zero immediately after target training, and all the horses successfully completed the shaping sequence. Finally, these effects were observed to generalize to novel conditions (a different trainer and a different trailer). |
Address |
University of North Texas, Denton 76203, USA |
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0021-8855 |
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PMID:11800182 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1915 |
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Author |
Marlin, D.J.; Schroter, R.C.; White, S.L.; Maykuth, P.; Matthesen, G.; Mills, P.C.; Waran, N.; Harris, P. |
Title |
Recovery from transport and acclimatisation of competition horses in a hot humid environment |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
Volume |
33 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
371-379 |
Keywords |
Acclimatization/*physiology; Animals; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Breeding; Feeding Behavior; Female; Heart Rate; Heat; Heat Stroke/prevention & control/veterinary; Horse Diseases/prevention & control; Horses/*physiology; Humidity; Male; Respiration; Sports; *Transportation; Tropical Climate |
Abstract |
The aims of the present field-based study were to investigate changes in fit horses undergoing acclimatisation to a hot humid environment and to provide data on which to base recommendations for safe transport and acclimatisation. Six horses (age 7-12 years) were flown from Europe to Atlanta and underwent a 16 day period of acclimatisation. Exercise conditions during acclimatisation (wet bulb globe temperature index 27.6+/-0.0 [mean +/- s.e.]) were more thermally stressful compared with the European climate from which the horses had come (22.0+/-1.8, P<0.001). Following the flight, weight loss was 4.1+/-0.8% bodyweight and took around 7 days to recover. Water intake during the day was significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with night during acclimatisation. Daily mean exercise duration was 72+/-12 min and the majority of work was performed with a heart rate below 120 beats/min. Respiratory rate (fR) was increased (P<0.05) throughout acclimatisation compared with in Europe, but resting morning (AM) and evening (PM) rectal temperature (TREC), heart rate (fC) and plasma volume were unchanged. White blood cell (WBC) count was significantly increased at AM compared with in Europe on Days 4 and 10 of acclimatisation (P<0.01), but was not different by Day 16. In conclusion, horses exposed to hot humid environmental conditions without prior acclimatisation are able to accommodate these stresses and, with appropriate management, remain fit and clinically healthy, without significant risk of heat illness or heat-related disorders, provided they are allowed sufficient time to recover from transport, acclimatisation is undertaken gradually and they are monitored appropriately. |
Address |
Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:11469770 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1917 |
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