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| Author | Whiten, A. | ||||
| Title | Social complexity and social intelligence | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Novartis Foundation Symposium | Abbreviated Journal | Novartis Found Symp |
Volume  |
233 | Issue | Pages | 185-96; discussion 196-201 | |
| Keywords | Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Humans; *Intelligence/physiology; Learning; Models, Psychological; Primates; *Social Behavior; Social Problems | ||||
| Abstract | When we talk of the 'nature of intelligence', or any other attribute, we may be referring to its essential structure, or to its place in nature, particularly the function it has evolved to serve. Here I examine both, from the perspective of the evolution of intelligence in primates. Over the last 20 years, the Social (or 'Machiavellian') Intelligence Hypothesis has gained empirical support. Its core claim is that the intelligence of primates is primarily an adaptation to the special complexities of primate social life. In addition to this hypothesis about the function of intellect, a secondary claim is that the very structure of intelligence has been moulded to be 'social' in character, an idea that presents a challenge to orthodox views of intelligence as a general-purpose capacity. I shall outline the principal components of social intelligence and the environment of social complexity it engages with. This raises the question of whether domain specificity is an appropriate characterization of social intelligence and its subcomponents, like theory of mind. As a counter-argument to such specificity I consider the hypothesis that great apes exhibit a cluster of advanced cognitive abilities that rest on a shared capacity for second-order mental representation. | ||||
| Address | School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JU, UK | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1528-2511 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:11276903 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2084 | |||
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| Author | Hodgson, D.; Howe, S.; Jeffcott, L.; Reid, S.; Mellor, D.; Higgins, A. | ||||
| Title | Effect of prolonged use of altrenogest on behaviour in mares | Type | |||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) | Abbreviated Journal | Vet J |
| Volume |
169 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 113-115 |
| Keywords | Administration, Oral; Anabolic Agents/adverse effects/*pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Body Constitution/drug effects; Body Weight/drug effects; *Doping in Sports; Female; Horses/*physiology; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Time Factors; Trenbolone/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology | ||||
| Abstract | Erratum in: Vet J. 2005 May;169(3):321. Corrected and republished in: Vet J. 2005 May;169(3):322-5. Oral administration of altrenogest for oestrus suppression in competition horses is believed to be widespread in some equestrian disciplines, and can be administered continuously for several months during a competition season. To examine whether altrenogest has any anabolic or other potential performance enhancing properties that may give a horse an unfair advantage, we examined the effect of oral altrenogest (0.044 mg/kg), given daily for a period of eight weeks, on social hierarchy, activity budget, body-mass and body condition score of 12 sedentary mares. We concluded that prolonged oral administration of altrenogest at recommended dose rates to sedentary mares resulted in no effect on dominance hierarchies, body mass or condition score. |
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| Address | Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Private Mailbag 4, Narellan Delivery Centre, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia. davidh@camden.usyd.edu.au | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1090-0233 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15683772 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 671 | ||
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| Author | Flack, J.C.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Krakauer, D.C. | ||||
| Title | Social structure, robustness, and policing cost in a cognitively sophisticated species | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Am Nat |
| Volume |
165 | Issue | 5 | Pages | E126-139 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Macaca nemestrina/*physiology; Male; Models, Biological; *Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Conflict management is one of the primary requirements for social complexity. Of the many forms of conflict management, one of the rarest and most interesting is third-party policing, or intervening impartially to control conflict. Third-party policing should be hard to evolve because policers personally pay a cost for intervening, while the benefits are diffused over the whole group. In this study we investigate the incidence and costs of policing in a primate society. We report quantitative evidence of non-kin policing in the nonhuman primate, the pigtailed macaque. We find that policing is effective at reducing the intensity of or terminating conflict when performed by the most powerful individuals. We define a measure, social power consensus, that predicts effective low-cost interventions by powerful individuals and ineffective, relatively costly interventions by low-power individuals. Finally, we develop a simple probabilistic model to explore whether the degree to which policing can effectively reduce the societal cost of conflict is dependent on variance in the distribution of power. Our data and simple model suggest that third-party policing effectiveness and cost are dependent on power structure and might emerge only in societies with high variance in power. | ||||
| Address | Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1537-5323 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15795848 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 168 | ||
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| Author | Sundaresan, S.R.; Fischhoff, I.R.; Dushoff, J.; Rubenstein, D.I. | ||||
| Title | Network metrics reveal differences in social organization between two fission-fusion species, Grevy's zebra and onager | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Oecologia | Abbreviated Journal | Oecologia |
| Volume |
151 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 140-149 |
| Keywords | Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Environment; Equidae/*physiology; Female; India; Kenya; Male; *Models, Theoretical; *Social Behavior; *Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | For species in which group membership frequently changes, it has been a challenge to characterize variation in individual interactions and social structure. Quantifying this variation is necessary to test hypotheses about ecological determinants of social patterns and to make predictions about how group dynamics affect the development of cooperative relationships and transmission processes. Network models have recently become popular for analyzing individual contacts within a population context. We use network metrics to compare populations of Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) and onagers (Equus hemionus khur). These closely related equids, previously described as having the same social system, inhabit environments differing in the distribution of food, water, and predators. Grevy's zebra and onagers are one example of many sets of coarsely similar fission-fusion species and populations, observed elsewhere in other ungulates, primates, and cetaceans. Our analysis of the population association networks reveals contrasts consistent with their distinctive environments. Grevy's zebra individuals are more selective in their association choices. Grevy's zebra form stable cliques, while onager associations are more fluid. We find evidence that females associate assortatively by reproductive state in Grevy's zebra but not in onagers. The current approach demonstrates the utility of network metrics for identifying fine-grained variation among individuals and populations in association patterns. From our analysis, we can make testable predictions about behavioral mechanisms underlying social structure and its effects on transmission processes. | ||||
| Address | Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ssundare@princeton.edu | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0029-8549 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16964497 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1863 | |||
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| Author | Ionita, J.C.; Poncet, P.A.; Doherr, M.G.; Steiger, A. | ||||
| Title | [Evaluation of the quality of husbandry of Franches-Montagnes horses in their breeding farms] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde | Abbreviated Journal | Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd |
| Volume |
148 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 191-197 |
| Keywords | Animal Husbandry/methods/*standards/statistics & numerical data; *Animal Welfare; Animals; Breeding/*methods/standards; Female; Floors and Floorcoverings; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal/*standards; Male; Poaceae; Questionnaires; Social Behavior; Switzerland | ||||
| Abstract | The quality of husbandry of Franches-Montagnes horses (FM) in Switzerland is evaluated on the basis of an investigation carried out in 2002 by the Swiss FM breeding federation. Questionnaires were sent to 3500 of its members and the results include data from 968 breeding enterprises, housing a total of 3965 FM: 46.1% were breeding mares (61.0% with foal at foot), 26.5% young stock, 1.3% stallions and 26.0% non breeding stock (74.6% of which were pleasure horses and 25.4% working horses). 57.6% of the FM were housed in individual boxes with or without permanent outdoor access, 25.4% were hold in groups with or without permanent outdoor access, the remaining 17.0% were kept in standing stalls. 95.0% of the FM had at least visual contact with other equines and 99.2% had sufficient light in their stable. 88.1% were stabled on long stalk straw, while only 4.3% were bedded on other materials other than straw. The average time spent at pasture per horse and per week ranged from 96.5 +/- 51.6 hours in summer to 27.2 +/- 26.7 hours in winter. On average, a FM is used for 8.3 +/- 6.5 hours per week. Horses with an paddock at their disposal spend an average of 39.8 +/- 45.9 hours there per week. | ||||
| Address | Chirurgische Tierklinik, Universitat Leipzig | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | French | Summary Language | Original Title | Les conditions de detention des chevaux de race franches-montagnes dans leurs exploitations d'elevage | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0036-7281 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16703760 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1872 | |||
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| Author | Poncet, P.A.; Ionita, J.C.; Doherr, M.G.; Steiger, A. | ||||
| Title | [The influence of the socio-economic structure of the breeding farms of Franches-Montagnes horses on the conditions of husbandry] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde | Abbreviated Journal | Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd |
| Volume |
148 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 183-189 |
| Keywords | Altitude; Animal Husbandry/methods/*standards; Animals; Breeding/*economics/standards; Demography; Female; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal/*standards; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods/*physiology; Questionnaires; Social Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Switzerland | ||||
| Abstract | The socio-economic structure of the breeding farms of Franches-Montagnes horses (FM) in Switzerland is evaluated on the basis of an investigation carried out in 2002 by the Swiss FM breeding federation. Questionnaires were sent to 3500 of its members and the results include data from 968 breeding enterprises, housing a total of 3965 FM. The quality of the husbandry of FM varies according to factors such as the altitude and the geographical situation of the farms and studs. Socio-economic parameters, such as the role of FM in the business, their use (breeding, driving, riding) and the age and level of professional education of the owners may also have an effect on standards of husbandry. The results show that the owners for whom FM represent a source of income more frequently keep their horses in standing stalls, but give them more time to exercise at liberty than the horses belonging to amateur breeders. Younger and better educated breeders are more likely to house their animals in groups. | ||||
| Address | Haras national suisse, Avenches | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | French | Summary Language | Original Title | L'influence de la structure socio-economique des exploitations d'elevage de chevaux de race franches-montagnes sur les conditions de detention | |
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0036-7281 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16703759 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1873 | |||
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| Author | Dzieweczynski, T.L.; Eklund, A.C.; Rowland, W.J. | ||||
| Title | Male 11-ketotestosterone levels change as a result of being watched in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | General and comparative endocrinology | Abbreviated Journal | Gen Comp Endocrinol |
| Volume |
147 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 184-189 |
| Keywords | Aggression; Animals; Female; Fishes/*blood; Male; Nesting Behavior; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Testosterone/*analogs & derivatives/blood | ||||
| Abstract | This study investigated the effects of nesting status and the presence of an audience on 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) levels in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Prior studies have demonstrated that both nesting status, an indicator of territory-holding power and reproductive state, and the sex of a conspecific audience lead to differences in male behavior during aggressive encounters. Since behavioral changes have already been demonstrated, we chose to investigate whether 11KT levels were also influenced by nesting status and audience presence as 11KT both stimulates, and is stimulated by, reproductive and aggressive behaviors in male teleosts. Male 11KT levels were measured from water samples taken from containers holding fish both before and after interaction. Males interacted under three treatment conditions: no audience, female audience, and male audience. Within these treatments were two nest paradigms: both males had nests or neither male had a nest. 11KT levels varied depending on nesting status and audience type. In general, 11KT levels were lower in interacting males when a female audience was present or when males had nests. Overall, 11KT showed increases or decreases as aggression increased or decreased, as shown by already established behavioral findings [see Dzieweczynski T.L., Green T.M., Earley R.L., Rowland W.J., 2005. Audience effect is context dependent in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. Behav. Ecol. 16, 1025-1030; Doutrelant, C., McGregor, P.K., Oliveira, R.F., 2001. Effect of an audience on intrasexual communication in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Behav. Ecol. 12, 283-286.]. Our results suggest that 11KT levels are influenced by reproductive status, as indicated by nest ownership, and audience presence and are most likely modulated by territorial behavior and social environment. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA. tdzieweczynski@une.edu | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0016-6480 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16473353 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 502 | ||
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| Author | Gauvin, S.; Giraldeau, L.-A. | ||||
| Title | Nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata) reduce their feeding rates in response to simulated competition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Oecologia | Abbreviated Journal | Oecologia |
| Volume |
139 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 150-156 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Feeding Behavior; Population Density; *Social Behavior; *Songbirds | ||||
| Abstract | Group feeding animals experience a number of competitive foraging costs that may result in a lowered feeding rate. It is important to distinguish between reductions in feeding rates that are caused by reduced food availability and physical interactions among foragers from those caused by the mere presence of foraging companions that may be self-imposed in order to obtain some benefit of group membership. Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris) reduce their feeding rates when in the company of simulated competitors located in an adjacent cage that cannot affect the food availability or interact with the forager. In the present study, we investigate whether the presence of simulated competitors in another species of passerine, nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata), can result in self-imposed reductions in feeding rates. When feeding in the company of simulated competitors, mannikins spent more non-foraging time near them, fed more slowly, reduced travel times between patches, reduced their scanning time and pecked more slowly. These results provide evidence that simulated competitors induce a reduction in pecking rate: behavioural interference. These self-imposed responses to competitors may have resulted from attempts to remain close to the non-feeding companions. Such self-imposed reductions in feeding rates may be a widespread yet generally unrecognised foraging cost to group feeding individuals. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0029-8549 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:14722748 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2133 | |||
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| Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | A cognitive behaviorist approach to the study of animal behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | The Journal of general psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J Gen Psychol |
| Volume |
129 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 328-363 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Learning; *Memory; Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Traditional psychological approaches to animal learning and behavior have involved either the atheoretical behaviorist approach proposed by B. F. Skinner (1938), in which input-output relations are described in response to environmental manipulations, or the theoretical behaviorist approach offered by C. L Hull (1943), in which associations mediated by several hypothetical constructs and intervening variables are formed between stimuli and responses. Recently, the application of a cognitive behaviorist approach to animal learning and behavior has been found to have considerable value as a research tool. This perspective has grown out of E. C. Tolman's cognitive approach to learning in which behavior is mediated by mechanisms that are not directly observable but can be inferred from the results of critical experiments. In the present article, the author presents several examples of the successful application of the cognitive behaviorist approach. In each case, the experiments have been designed to distinguish between more traditional mechanisms and those mediated by hypothesized internal representations. These examples were selected because the evidence suggests that some form of active cognitive organization is needed to account for the behavioral results. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. Zentall@uky.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0022-1309 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12494989 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 214 | ||
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| Author | Meese, G.B.; Ewbank, R. | ||||
| Title | Exploratory behaviour and leadership in the domesticated pig | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1973 | Publication | The British Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Br. Vet. J. |
| Volume |
129 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 251-259 |
| Keywords | Animals; Animals, Domestic; Behavior, Animal; Castration; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Leadership; Male; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; *Swine | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0007-1935 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:4728194 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2052 | |||
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