| Records |
Author  |
Watanabe, S.; Troje, N.F. |
| Title |
Towards a “virtual pigeon”: a new technique for investigating avian social perception |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
271-279 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavioral Research/instrumentation/methods; Columbidae/*physiology; Computer Graphics; *Computer Simulation; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Generalization (Psychology)/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Perceptual Masking/physiology; Rats; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology; *Social Behavior; User-Computer Interface |
| Abstract |
The purpose of the present study is to examine the applicability of a computer-generated, virtual animal to study animal cognition. Pigeons were trained to discriminate between movies of a real pigeon and a rat. Then, they were tested with movies of the computer-generated (CG) pigeon. Subjects showed generalization to the CG pigeon, however, they also responded to modified versions in which the CG pigeon was showing impossible movement, namely hopping and walking without its head bobbing. Hence, the pigeons did not attend to these particular details of the display. When they were trained to discriminate between the normal and the modified version of the CG pigeon, they were able to learn the discrimination. The results of an additional partial occlusion test suggest that the subjects used head movement as a cue for the usual vs. unusual CG pigeon discrimination. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Keio University, Mita 2-15-45, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108, Japan. swat@flet.keio.ac.jp |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:17024508 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2437 |
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| Author |
Teicher, M.H.; Tomoda, A.; Andersen, S.L. |
| Title |
Neurobiological Consequences of Early Stress and Childhood Maltreatment: Are Results from Human and Animal Studies Comparable? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
1071 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
313-323 |
| Keywords |
adolescence; maltreatment; hippocampus; corpus callosum; translational research; sensitive periods; stress; abuse or neglect |
| Abstract |
Abstract: Recent studies have reported an association between exposure to childhood abuse or neglect and alterations in brain structure or function. One limitation of these studies is that they are correlational and do not provide evidence of a cause–effect relationship. Preclinical studies on the effects of exposure to early life stress can demonstrate causality, and can enrich our understanding of the clinical research if we hypothesize that the consequences of early abuse are predominantly mediated through the induction of stress responses. Exposure to early abuse and early stress has each been associated with the emergence of epileptiform electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities, alterations in corpous callosum area, and reduced volume or synaptic density of the hippocampus.Further, there is evidence that different brain regions have unique periods when they are maximally sensitive to the effects of early stress. To date, preclinical studies have guided clinical investigations and will continue to provide important insight into studies on molecular mechanisms and gene–environment interactions. |
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Blackwell Publishing Inc |
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1749-6632 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5784 |
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| Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
| Title |
Social cognition |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
103 |
Issue |
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Pages |
191-202 |
| Keywords |
evolution; fitness; future research; personality; selective pressure; skill; social cognition |
| Abstract |
The social intelligence hypothesis argues that competition and cooperation among individuals have shaped the evolution of cognition in animals. What do we mean by social cognition? Here we suggest that the building blocks of social cognition are a suite of skills, ordered roughly according to the cognitive demands they place upon individuals. These skills allow an animal to recognize others by various means; to recognize and remember other animals' relationships; and, perhaps, to attribute mental states to them. Some skills are elementary and virtually ubiquitous in the animal kingdom; others are more limited in their taxonomic distribution. We treat these skills as the targets of selection, and assume that more complex levels of social cognition evolve only when simpler methods are inadequate. As a result, more complex levels of social cognition indicate greater selective pressures in the past. The presence of each skill can be tested directly through field observations and experiments. In addition, the same methods that have been used to compare social cognition across species can also be used to measure individual differences within species and to test the hypothesis that individual differences in social cognition are linked to differences in reproductive success. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6025 |
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| Author |
McClearn, G.E. |
| Title |
Behavioral genetics |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1971 |
Publication |
Behavioral Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Sci |
| Volume |
16 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
64-81 |
| Keywords |
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Animals; Aptitude; Behavior, Animal; Chromosome Aberrations; Cognition; Cytogenetics; Female; *Genetics, Behavioral; Genetics, Population; Humans; Intelligence; Mental Retardation; Mice; Models, Biological; Personality; Phenylketonurias; Pregnancy; Research; Schizophrenia; Sex Chromosome Aberrations; Twins |
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English |
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0005-7940 |
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| Notes |
PMID:5105941 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4150 |
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| Author |
Matsuzawa, T. |
| Title |
The Ai project: historical and ecological contexts |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
199-211 |
| Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Culture; Discrimination Learning; Ecology; Female; History, 20th Century; Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Research/history |
| Abstract |
This paper aims to review a long-term research project exploring the chimpanzee mind within historical and ecological contexts. The Ai project began in 1978 and was directly inspired by preceding ape-language studies conducted in Western countries. However, in contrast with the latter, it has focused on the perceptual and cognitive capabilities of chimpanzees rather than communicative skills between humans and chimpanzees. In the original setting, a single chimpanzee faced a computer-controlled apparatus and performed various kinds of matching-to-sample discrimination tasks. Questions regarding the chimpanzee mind can be traced back to Wolfgang Koehler's work in the early part of the 20th century. Yet, Japan has its unique natural and cultural background: it is home to an indigenous primate species, the Japanese snow monkey. This fact has contributed to the emergence of two previous projects in the wild led by the late Kinji Imanishi and his students. First, the Koshima monkey project began in 1948 and became famous for its discovery of the cultural propagation of sweet-potato washing behavior. Second, pioneering work in Africa, starting in 1958, aimed to study great apes in their natural habitat. Thanks to the influence of these intellectual ancestors, the present author also undertook the field study of chimpanzees in the wild, focusing on tool manufacture and use. This work has demonstrated the importance of social and ecological perspectives even for the study of the mind. Combining experimental approaches with a field setting, the Ai project continues to explore cognition and behavior in chimpanzees, while its focus has shifted from the study of a single subject toward that of the community as a whole. |
| Address |
Section of Language and Intelligence, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. matsuzaw@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:14566577 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2552 |
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| Author |
Mateo, J.M.; Johnston, R.E. |
| Title |
Kin recognition by self-referent phenotype matching: weighing the evidence |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
73-76 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Brain/embryology; Cricetinae/embryology; Humans; Learning; Odors; Phenotype; *Recognition (Psychology); Reproducibility of Results; Research Design; *Self Psychology; *Smell |
| Abstract |
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Department of Psychology, Cornell University, NY 14853-7601, Ithaca, USA. jmateo@uchicago.edu |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:12658537 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2579 |
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| Author |
Massen, J.; Sterck, E.; de Vos, H. |
| Title |
Close social associations in animals and humans: functions and mechanisms of friendship |
Type |
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| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
147 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1379 |
| Keywords |
Both humans and group-living animals associate and behave affiliatively more with some individuals than others. Human friendship has long been acknowledged, and recently scientists studying animal behaviour have started using the term friendship for close social associates in animals. Yet, while biologists describe friends as social tools to enhance fitness, social scientists describe human friendship as unconditional. We investigate whether these different descriptions reflect true differences in human friendship and animal close social associations or are a by-product of different research approaches: namely social scientists focussing on proximate and biologists on ultimate explanations. We first stress the importance of similar measures to determine close social associations, thereafter examine their ultimate benefits and proximate motivations, and discuss the latest findings on the central-neural regulation of social bonds. We conclude that both human friendship and animal close social associations are ultimately beneficial. On the proximate level, motivations for friendship in humans and for close social associations in animals are not necessarily based on benefits and are often unconditional. Moreover, humans share with many animals a similar physiological basis of sociality. Therefore, biologists and social scientist describe the same phenomenon, and the use of the term friendship for animals seems justified. |
| Abstract |
Both humans and group-living animals associate and behave affiliatively more with some individuals than others. Human friendship has long been acknowledged, and recently scientists studying animal behaviour have started using the term friendship for close social associates in animals. Yet, while biologists describe friends as social tools to enhance fitness, social scientists describe human friendship as unconditional. We investigate whether these different descriptions reflect true differences in human friendship and animal close social associations or are a by-product of different research approaches: namely social scientists focussing on proximate and biologists on ultimate explanations. We first stress the importance of similar measures to determine close social associations, thereafter examine their ultimate benefits and proximate motivations, and discuss the latest findings on the central-neural regulation of social bonds. We conclude that both human friendship and animal close social associations are ultimately beneficial. On the proximate level, motivations for friendship in humans and for close social associations in animals are not necessarily based on benefits and are often unconditional. Moreover, humans share with many animals a similar physiological basis of sociality. Therefore, biologists and social scientist describe the same phenomenon, and the use of the term friendship for animals seems justified. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5813 |
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| Author |
Lachapelle, S.; Healey, J. |
| Title |
On Hans, Zou and the others: wonder animals and the question of animal intelligence in early twentieth-century France |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
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41 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
12-20 |
| Keywords |
Animal experimentation; Animal intelligence; Clever Hans; Comparative psychology; Psychical research; Wonder animals |
| Abstract |
During the second half of the nineteenth century, the advent of widespread pet ownership was accompanied by claims of heightened animal abilities. Psychical researchers investigated many of these claims, including animal telepathy and ghostly apparitions. By the beginning of the twentieth century, news of horses and dogs with the ability to read and calculate fascinated the French public and scientists alike. Amidst questions about the justification of animal cruelty in laboratory experiments, wonder animals came to represent some extraordinary possibilities associated with their kind. Psychologists speculated on the feats of wonder animals. They considered the possibility that these animals shared consciousness and intelligence with humans, and that--if confirmed--their alleged amazing abilities could lead to a new understanding of cognition for all animals. This article focuses on the few years during which claims of wonder animals occupied a significant place in French psychology and psychical research. It argues that as explanations involving deception or unconscious cues gained increased acceptance, the interest in wonder animals soon led to a backlash in comparative psychology that had repercussions for all animals, particularly those used in experimentation, in that it contributed to the decline of research addressing cognitive abilities in non-human species. |
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1369-8486 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5079 |
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| Author |
Hauser, M.D.; Kralik, J.; Botto-Mahan, C.; Garrett, M.; Oser, J. |
| Title |
Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume |
92 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
10811-10814 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Discrimination (Psychology); Exploratory Behavior; Female; Hair Color; Male; Phylogeny; Psychology, Comparative; Research Design; Saguinus/*psychology; *Self Concept; Species Specificity; Touch; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
Self-recognition has been explored in nonlinguistic organisms by recording whether individuals touch a dye-marked area on visually inaccessible parts of their face while looking in a mirror or inspect parts of their body while using the mirror's reflection. Only chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans over the age of approximately 2 years consistently evidence self-directed mirror-guided behavior without experimenter training. To evaluate the inferred phylogenetic gap between hominoids and other animals, a modified dye-mark test was conducted with cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a New World monkey species. The white hair on the tamarins' head was color-dyed, thereby significantly altering a visually distinctive species-typical feature. Only individuals with dyed hair and prior mirror exposure touched their head while looking in the mirror. They looked longer in the mirror than controls, and some individuals used the mirror to observe visually inaccessible body parts. Prior failures to pass the mirror test may have been due to methodological problems, rather than to phylogenetic differences in the capacity for self-recognition. Specifically, an individual's sensitivity to experimentally modified parts of its body may depend crucially on the relative saliency of the modified part (e.g., face versus hair). Moreover, and in contrast to previous claims, we suggest that the mirror test may not be sufficient for assessing the concept of self or mental state attribution in nonlinguistic organisms. |
| Address |
Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA |
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English |
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0027-8424 |
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| Notes |
PMID:7479889 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2825 |
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| Author |
Hauber, M.E.; Sherman, P.W. |
| Title |
Designing and interpreting experimental tests of self-referent phenotype matching |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
69-71 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Birds; Body Constitution; Color; Humans; Pedigree; *Perception; Phenotype; *Recognition (Psychology); Research Design; *Self Psychology |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:12658536 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2580 |
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