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	Author	Cohen, J.; Pardy, S.; Solway, H.; Graham, H.
	Title	Chunking versus foraging search patterns by rats in the hierarchically baited radial maze			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	2	Pages	93-104
	Keywords	Animals; Exploratory Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Male; Maze Learning; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans
	Abstract	Rats were exposed to a radial maze containing six black smooth arms and six wire-grid-covered arms and a striped 'exit arm' in experiment 1. The probability of a black or grid arm being baited (5/6 vs 1/6) with sunflower seeds was associated with its proximal cue for some rats (the Relevant Arm Cue group) but not for others (the Irrelevant Arm Cue group). All rats could terminate a trial and receive a highly preferred morsel of apple by entering the exit arm only after having sampled all six seed-baited arms. Relevant Arm Cue rats usually chose some arms from the more densely baited set before choosing an arm from the less densely baited set and made fewer reentries than Irrelevant Arm Cue rats. Although such clustered, higher choice accuracy in the Relevant Arm Cue group corresponds to human clustered, better recall of verbal items from lists hierarchically organized by categories, these rats did not similarly exhaustively retrieve items (arm locations). That is, when required to terminate a trial by entering the 'exit' arm for an apple morsel after having sampled all seed-baited arms, both groups were equally unable to withhold making nonrewarded premature exits. This nonexhaustive foraging search pattern was maintained in the next two experiments in which the radial maze was reduced to three black and three grid arms along with the striped 'exit' arm and in which black and grid arm cues were paired with number of seeds (eight or one) in an arm for Relevant Arm Cue rats. Although Relevant Arm Cue rats displayed perfect clustering by entering all eight-seeded arms before a one-seeded arm, they made more premature exits and reentries into eight-seeded arms in experiment 2 or when forced to enter all eight-seeded arms in experiment 3 than did Irrelevant Arm Cue rats. These foraging tendencies prevent accurate estimations of the amount of information (i.e., arm locations) rats can 'chunk'.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. jcohen@uwindsor.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12720109			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2574
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	Author	Weatherly, J.N.; Arthur, E.I.L.; Tischart, L.M.
	Title	Altering “motivational” variables alters induction produced by upcoming food-pellet reinforcement			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	1	Pages	17-26
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning, Operant; Food Deprivation; Male; Motivation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
	Abstract	Previous research has demonstrated that rats will increase their rates of lever pressing for sucrose rewards in the first half of an experimental session when food pellets, rather than the same sucrose, continually serve as the reward in the second half of the session. This effect has been coined induction, and the present study investigated whether it could be altered by altering “motivational” variables. Experiment 1 manipulated subjects' motivation by altering, across conditions, their level of food deprivation. Predictably, the size of induction varied directly with level of deprivation. Experiments 2 and 3 manipulated subjects' motivation by feeding them food pellets and sucrose, respectively, prior to their responding in the experimental session. These pre-session feedings decreased the size of the observed induction in both experiments. The results from the present study indicate that the size of induction is correlated with subjects' motivation to respond for the available reinforcers. They are also consistent with the idea that operant processes underlie the effect. The notion that induction might encompass the concept of “anticipation” is also discussed.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, ND 58202-8380, Grand Forks, USA. jeffrey_weatherly@und.nodak.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12658532			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2584
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	Author	Zhang, T.-Y.; Parent, C.; Weaver, I.; Meaney, M.J.
	Title	Maternal programming of individual differences in defensive responses in the rat			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1032	Issue		Pages	85-103
	Keywords	Adaptation, Biological; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Gene Expression/physiology; Humans; Individuality; Maternal Behavior; Phenotype; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
	Abstract	This paper describes the results of a series of studies showing that variations in mother-pup interactions program the development of individual differences in behavioral and endocrine stress responses in the rat. These effects are associated with altered expression of genes in brain regions, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, that regulate the expression of stress responses. Studies from evolutionary biology suggest that such “maternal effects” are common and often associated with variations in the quality of the maternal environment. Together these findings suggest an epigenetic process whereby the experience of the mother alters the nature of the parent-offspring interactions and thus the phenotype of the offspring.
	Address	McGill Program for the Study of Behavior, Genes and Environment, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 boul. LaSalle, Montreal (Quebec), Canada H4H 1R3
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15677397			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4132
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Kaiser, D.H.
	Title	Interval timing with gaps: gap ambiguity as an alternative to temporal decay			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	31	Issue	4	Pages	484-486
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Memory/physiology; Rats; Time Perception/*physiology
	Abstract	C. V. Buhusi, D. Perera, and W. H. Meck (2005) proposed a hypothesis of timing in rats to account for the results of experiments that have used the peak procedure with gaps. According to this hypothesis, the introduction of a gap causes the animal's memory for the pregap interval to passively decay (subjectively shorten) in direct proportion to the duration and salience of the gap. Thus, animals should pause with short, nonsalient gaps but should reset their clock with longer, salient gaps. The present authors suggest that the ambiguity of the gap (i.e., the similarity between the gap and the intertrial interval in both appearance and relative duration) causes the animal to actively reset the clock and prevents adequate assessments of the fate of timed intervals prior to the gap. Furthermore, when the intertrial interval is discriminable from the gap, the evidence suggests that timed intervals prior to the gap are not lost but are retained in memory.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16248734			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	220
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	Author	Gibson, B.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Place versus response learning revisited: tests of blocking on the radial maze			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioral neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	119	Issue	2	Pages	567-586
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Male; Maze Learning; Memory; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reproducibility of Results
	Abstract	Neurobiological and behavioral research indicates that place learning and response learning occur simultaneously, in parallel. Such findings seem to conflict with theories of associative learning in which different cues compete for learning. The authors conducted place+response training on a radial maze and then tested place learning and response learning separately by reconfiguring the maze in various ways. Consistent with the effects of manipulating place and response systems in the brain (M. G. Packard & J. L. McGaugh, 1996), well-trained rats showed strong place learning and strong response learning. Three experiments using associative blocking paradigms indicated that prior response learning interferes with place learning. Blocking and related tests can be used to better understand how memory systems interact during learning.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3567, USA. bgibson@cisunix.unh.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15839803			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	362
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	Author	Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	What do rats learn about the geometry of object arrays? Tests with exploratory behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	142-154
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Form Perception; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans
	Abstract	Six experiments using habituation of exploratory behavior tested whether disoriented rats foraging in a large arena encode the shapes of arrays of objects. Rats did not respond to changes in position of a single object, but they responded to a change in object color and to a change in position of 1 object in a square array, as in previous research (e.g., C. Thinus-Blanc et al., 1987). Rats also responded to an expansion of a square array, suggesting that they encoded sets of interobject distances rather than overall shape. In Experiments 4-6, rats did not respond to changes in sense of a triangular array that maintained interobject distances and angles. Shapes of object arrays are encoded differently from shapes of enclosures.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shannon.skov.rackette@utoronto.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15839772			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	363
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Sutton, J.E.
	Title	Multiple systems for spatial learning: dead reckoning and beacon homing in rats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	125-141
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cues; Feeding Behavior; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Homing Behavior; Learning; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Space Perception
	Abstract	Rats homed with food in a large lighted arena. Without visual cues, they used dead reckoning. When a beacon indicated the home, rats could also use the beacon. Homing did not differ in 2 groups of rats, 1 provided with the beacon and 1 without it; tests without the beacon gave no evidence that beacon learning overshadowed dead reckoning (Experiment 1). When the beacon was at the home for 1 group and in random locations for another, there was again no evidence of cue competition (Experiment 2). Dead reckoning experience did not block acquisition of beacon homing (Experiment 3). Beacon learning and dead reckoning do not compete for predictive value but acquire information in parallel and are used hierarchically.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shettle@psych.utoronto.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15839771			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	364
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	Author	Snycerski, S.; Laraway, S.; Poling, A.
	Title	Response acquisition with immediate and delayed conditioned reinforcement			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	68	Issue	1	Pages	1-11
	Keywords	Response acquisition; Conditioned reinforcement; Delayed reinforcement; Secondary reinforcement; Rats
	Abstract	Groups comprising eight rats initially were exposed to response-independent water deliveries, then to conditions under which a lever-press response raised an empty dipper immediately or after a resetting delay of 15, 30, or 45 s. When their performance was compared to that of control animals using a 90% confidence level, six rats in the immediate-reinforcement group met the primary criterion for response acquisition during a single 6-h session; 4, 4, and 3 did so in the 15, 30, and 45 s delay groups, respectively. Similar evidence of acquisition was obtained when a 95% confidence level was used. With a 99% confidence level, however, evidence of acquisition was not compelling. Although these data appear to provide the first demonstration of response acquisition in the absence of handshaping or autoshaping under conditions where the putative reinforcer is both conditioned and delayed, they also demonstrate that whether response acquisition occurs depends, in part, on how it is defined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3600
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	Author	Blaisdell, A.P.; Sawa, K.; Leising, K.J.; Waldmann, M.R.
	Title	Causal reasoning in rats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	311	Issue	5763	Pages	1020-1022
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Bayes Theorem; Cognition; Comprehension; Forecasting; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans
	Abstract	Empirical research with nonhuman primates appears to support the view that causal reasoning is a key cognitive faculty that divides humans from animals. The claim is that animals approximate causal learning using associative processes. The present results cast doubt on that conclusion. Rats made causal inferences in a basic task that taps into core features of causal reasoning without requiring complex physical knowledge. They derived predictions of the outcomes of interventions after passive observational learning of different kinds of causal models. These competencies cannot be explained by current associative theories but are consistent with causal Bayes net theories.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. blaisdell@psych.ucla.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16484500			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	154
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	Author	Beckers, T.; Miller, R.R.; De Houwer, J.; Urushihara, K.
	Title	Reasoning rats: forward blocking in Pavlovian animal conditioning is sensitive to constraints of causal inference			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. General	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Gen
	Volume	135	Issue	1	Pages	92-102
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Cognition; Conditioning, Classical; Cues; Fear; Female; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Motivation; Problem Solving; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
	Abstract	Forward blocking is one of the best-documented phenomena in Pavlovian animal conditioning. According to contemporary associative learning theories, forward blocking arises directly from the hardwired basic learning rules that govern the acquisition or expression of associations. Contrary to this view, here the authors demonstrate that blocking in rats is flexible and sensitive to constraints of causal inference, such as violation of additivity and ceiling considerations. This suggests that complex cognitive processes akin to causal inferential reasoning are involved in a well-established Pavlovian animal conditioning phenomenon commonly attributed to the operation of basic associative processes.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, NY, USA. tom.beckers@psy.kuleuven.be
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0096-3445	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16478318			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	155
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