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Author |
Crystal, J.D. |
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Title |
Systematic nonlinearities in the perception of temporal intervals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
25 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-17 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Male; Neural Networks (Computer); *Nonlinear Dynamics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds; *Time Perception |
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Abstract |
Rats judged time intervals in a choice procedure in which accuracy was maintained at approximately 75% correct. Sensitivity to time (d') was approximately constant for short durations 2.0-32.0 s with 1.0- or 2.0-s spacing between intervals (n = 5 in each group, Experiment 1), 2.0-50.0 s with 2.0-s spacing (n = 2, Experiment 1), and 0.1-2.0 s with 0.1- or 0.2-s spacing (n = 6 in each group, Experiment 2). However, systematic departures from average sensitivity were observed, with local maxima in sensitivity at approximately 0.3, 1.2, 10.0, 24.0, and 36.0 s. Such systematic departures from an approximately constant d' are predicted by a connectionist theory of time with multiple oscillators and may require a modification of the linear timing hypothesis of scalar timing theory. |
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Department of Psychology, Brown University, USA. jdcrys@facstaff.wm.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:9987854 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2776 |
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Author |
Domjan, M. |
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Title |
Selective suppression of drinking during a limited period following aversive drug treatment in rats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
66-76 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Avoidance Learning; Awareness; Conditioning, Operant; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drinking Behavior/*drug effects; Lithium/*poisoning; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Rats; Saccharin/administration & dosage; *Taste; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
Administration of lithium chloride disrupted the intake of flavored solutions but not water in rats. This intake suppression was directly related to the amount of lithium administered (Experiment 1), occurred with both palatable and unpalatable novel saccharin solutions (Experiment 2), but was only observed if subjects were tested starting less than 75 min. after lithium treatment (Experiment 3). Twenty-five daily exposures to saccharin did not attenuate the effect (Experiment 4). However, in saccharin-reared and vinegar-reared rats, lithium did not disrupt consumption of the solutions these subjects had access to throughout life, even though suppressions of intake were observed when these subjects were tested with novel flavors (Experiment 5). The selective disruption of drinking is interpreted as a novelty-dependent sensitization reaction to the discomfort of aversive drug administration. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:845544 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2788 |
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Rudy, J.W.; Iwens, J.; Best, P.J. |
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Title |
Pairing novel exteroceptive cues and illness reduces illness-induced taste aversions |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
14-25 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Association; *Avoidance Learning; Awareness; Conditioning, Operant; *Cues; Drinking Behavior; Environment; Inhibition (Psychology); Lithium/poisoning; Male; Rats; Saccharin/pharmacology; *Taste |
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Four experiments are reported that lead to the conclusion that pairing novel exteroceptive stimulation (placement into a black compartment) with a poison (lithium chloride) attenuates the development of an aversion to a taste (saccharin) subsequently paired with the poison. Such an attenuation effect occurs whether the exteroceptive cues are present or absent when the taste-poison pairing is administered. Interpretation and implications of this finding are discussed. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:845542 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2789 |
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Author |
Domjan, M. |
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Title |
Determinants of the enhancement of flavored-water intake by prior exposure |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
17-27 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Arousal; *Awareness; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Drinking Behavior; Environment; Escape Reaction; Fear; Male; Rats; Saccharin/administration & dosage; *Taste; Thirst; Time Factors; Water Deprivation |
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The intake of a 2.0% sodium saccharin solution in rats was observed to increase as a function of both the number (Experiment 1) and the duration (Experiment 3) of prior periods of access to the saccharin flavor, but did not increase when subjects were maintained on a fluid deprivation procedure in the absence of saccharin exposure (Experiment 2). The enhancement of intake was further influenced by the schedule of saccharin preexposures in the absence of variations in the amount of solution tasted (Experiment 4). The effect was not a function of the opportunity for subjects to determine their own pattern of contact with the saccharin flavor, the opportunity for association of the flavor with hunger and thirst reduction, or the amount of saccharin swallowed during preexposure (Experiment 5). These results suggest that mere exposure to a flavored solution is sufficient to increase subsequent intakes. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of the attenuation of neophobia elicited by the novelty of flavored solutions. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:1249524 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2790 |
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Author |
Mitchell, D.; Kirschbaum, E.H.; Perry, R.L. |
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Title |
Effects of neophobia and habituation on the poison-induced avoidance of exteroceptive stimuli in the rat |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
1 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
47-55 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Avoidance Learning/*drug effects; *Awareness; *Cognition; Conditioning, Operant; Feeding Behavior/drug effects; *Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lithium/administration & dosage/poisoning; Male; Rats; *Taste; Time Factors; *Visual Perception |
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Two experiments on the role of neophobia in poison-induced aversions to exteroceptive stimuli are reported. In Experiment 1, rats were given either 10 or 25 days of habituation to the test situation prior to conditioning. Those animals with the longer habituation period avoided a complex of novel exteroceptive stimuli while those with the shorter habituation period did not. In Experiment 2 rats initially avoided the more novel of two containers, but gradually came to eat equal amounts from both. A single pairing of toxicosis with consumption from either the novel or the familiar container reinstated the avoidance of the novel container in both cases. The results were discussed in terms of an interaction between habituation and conditioning procedures. It was suggested that previously reported differences between interoceptive and exteroceptive conditioning effects may have been influenced by the differential novelty of the two classes of stimuli in the test situation. It was further suggested that non-contingently poisoned control groups should routinely be included in poison avoidance conditioning studies. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:1151289 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2791 |
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Author |
Kaplan, A.I.; Borodovskii, M.I. |
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Title |
[Alternative animal behavior: a model and its statistical characteristics] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki |
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3 |
Pages |
29-32 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Male; Mathematics; *Models, Biological; *Models, Statistical; Rats; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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The rats' alternative behaviour in T-maze at simultaneous two-sided food refreshment in 13 trials a day during 6 days has been studied. It has been found that in the first testing days the indexes of alternative behaviour of animals correspond to the characteristics of the random alternation. However, on the 5-6th day of testing in the overwhelming majority of rats the true deviation of alternation index above or below than the theoretical values has been revealed. A question on the existence of two strategies of cognitive behaviour alteration and perseveration in rat population is under discussion. |
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Russian |
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Al'ternativnoe povedenie zhivotnykh: model' i statisticheskie kharakteristiki |
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0470-4606 |
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PMID:2742929 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2799 |
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Author |
Blokland, A. |
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Title |
Reaction time responding in rats |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
847-864 |
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Keywords |
Amphetamine/pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/drug effects/*physiology; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects/*physiology; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Reaction Time/drug effects/*physiology |
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The use of reaction time has a great tradition in the field of human information processing research. In animal research the use of reaction time test paradigms is mainly limited to two research fields: the role of the striatum in movement initiation; and aging. It was discussed that reaction time responding can be regarded as “single behavior”, this term was used to indicate that only one behavioral category is measured, allowing a better analysis of brain-behavior relationships. Reaction time studies investigating the role of the striatum in motor functions revealed that the initiation of a behavioral response is dependent on the interaction of different neurotransmitters (viz. dopamine, glutamate, GABA). Studies in which lesions were made in different brain structures suggested that motor initiation is dependent on defined brain structures (e.g. medialldorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex). It was concluded that the use of reaction time measures can indeed be a powerful tool in studying brain-behavior relationships. However, there are some methodological constraints with respect to the assessment of reaction time in rats, as was tried to exemplify by the experiments described in the present paper. On the one hand one should try to control for behavioral characteristics of rats that may affect the validity of the parameter reaction time. On the other hand, the mean value of reaction time should be in the range of what has been reported in man. Although these criteria were not always met in several studies, it was concluded that reaction time can be validly assessed in rats. Finally, it was discussed that the use of reaction time may go beyond studies that investigate the role of the basal ganglia in motor output. Since response latency is a direct measure of information processing this parameter may provide insight into basic elements of cognition. Based on the significance of reaction times in human studies the use of this dependent variable in rats may provide a fruitful approach in studying brain-behavior relationships in cognitive functions. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands |
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0149-7634 |
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PMID:9809315 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2807 |
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Author |
Sachs, E. |
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Title |
Dissociation of learning in rats and its similarities to dissociative states in man |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1967 |
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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Psychopathological Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Annu Meet Am Psychopathol Assoc |
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55 |
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249-304 |
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Animals; Attention; Avoidance Learning; Chlorpromazine/pharmacology; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Conflict (Psychology); *Dissociative Disorders; Fear; Humans; *Learning; Rats |
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0091-7389 |
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PMID:4862744 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2814 |
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Author |
Healy, S.D.; Braham, S.R.; Braithwaite, V.A. |
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Title |
Spatial working memory in rats: no differences between the sexes |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
Publication |
Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Biol Sci |
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266 |
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1435 |
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2303-2308 |
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Animals; Estrus/metabolism; Female; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Sex Factors; Swimming |
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In a number of mammalian species, males appear to have superior spatial abilities to females. The favoured explanations for this cognitive difference are hormonal, with higher testosterone levels in males than females leading to better spatial performance, and evolutionary, where sexual selection has favoured males with increased spatial abilities for either better navigational skills in hunting or to enable an increased territory size. However, an alternative explanation for this sex difference focuses on the role of varying levels of oestrogen in females in spatial cognition (the 'fertility and parental care' hypothesis). One possibility is that varying oestrogen levels result in variation in spatial learning and memory so that, when tested across the oestrous cycle, females perform as well as males on days of low oestrogen but more poorly on days of high oestrogen. If day in the oestrous cycle is not taken into account then, across an experiment, any sex differences found would always produce male superiority. We used a spatial working memory task in a Morris water maze to test the spatial learning and memory abilities of male and female rats. The rats were tested across a number of consecutive days during which the females went through four oestrous cycles. We found no overall sex differences in latencies to reach a submerged platform in a Morris water maze but, on the day of oestrus (low oestrogen), females took an extra swim to learn the platform's location (a 100% increase over the other days in the cycle). Female swim speed also varied across the oestrous cycle but females were no less active on the day of oestrus. These results oppose the predictions of the fertility and parental care hypothesis. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, UK. s.healey@ed.ac.uk |
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0962-8452 |
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PMID:10629980 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2818 |
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Snycerski, S.; Laraway, S.; Poling, A. |
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Title |
Response acquisition with immediate and delayed conditioned reinforcement |
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2005 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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68 |
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1 |
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1-11 |
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Response acquisition; Conditioned reinforcement; Delayed reinforcement; Secondary reinforcement; Rats |
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Groups comprising eight rats initially were exposed to response-independent water deliveries, then to conditions under which a lever-press response raised an empty dipper immediately or after a resetting delay of 15, 30, or 45 s. When their performance was compared to that of control animals using a 90% confidence level, six rats in the immediate-reinforcement group met the primary criterion for response acquisition during a single 6-h session; 4, 4, and 3 did so in the 15, 30, and 45 s delay groups, respectively. Similar evidence of acquisition was obtained when a 95% confidence level was used. With a 99% confidence level, however, evidence of acquisition was not compelling. Although these data appear to provide the first demonstration of response acquisition in the absence of handshaping or autoshaping under conditions where the putative reinforcer is both conditioned and delayed, they also demonstrate that whether response acquisition occurs depends, in part, on how it is defined. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3600 |
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