| Records |
| Author |
Nicol, C.J.; Brown, S.N.; Glen, E.; Pope, S.J.; Short, F.J.; Warriss, P.D.; Zimmerman, P.H.; Wilkins, L.J. |
| Title |
Effects of stocking density, flock size and management on the welfare of laying hens in single-tier aviaries |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
British poultry science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br Poult Sci |
| Volume |
47 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
135-146 |
| Keywords |
Animal Husbandry/*methods; *Animal Welfare; Animals; Body Constitution/*physiology; Chickens/*physiology; Crowding; Feathers; Female; *Housing, Animal/standards; Mortality; Organ Size; Oviposition/physiology; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Random Allocation |
| Abstract |
Management practices, stocking rate and flock size may affect laying hen welfare but there have been few replicated studies in commercial non-cage systems that investigate this. This study used a broad range of physical and physiological indicators to assess the welfare of hens in 36 commercial flocks. Six laying period treatments were examined with each treatment replicated 6 times. It was not possible to randomly allocate treatments to houses, so treatment and house were largely confounded. Three stocking rates were compared: 7 birds/m(2) (n = 2450), 9 birds/m(2) (n = 3150) and 12 birds/m(2) in either small (n = 2450) or large (n = 4200) flocks. In addition, at 12 birds/m(2), in both small and large flocks, birds were subjected to either standard (SM) or modified (MM) management. MM flocks had nipple drinkers and no nest-box lights. Bone strength, fracture incidence, heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, live weight, organ weights, serum creatine, serum osmolality, muscle pH and faecal corticosterone were measured on samples of birds at the end of the rearing period and at the end of lay. During the laying period, mortality, production and integument condition were recorded at regular intervals. Birds housed at 9 birds/m(2) had higher mortality than birds housed at 12 birds/m(2) by the end of lay, but not higher than birds housed at 7 birds/m(2). Birds housed at 7 and 9 birds/m(2) had lower percent liver weight, and worse plumage condition than most of the 12 bird/m(2) treatments. Modified management tended to improve plumage condition. There were no clear effects of flock size on the welfare indicators recorded. At the end of the rearing period fracture incidence was almost negligible and H:L ratio was within a normal range. By the end of lay fracture incidence was 60% and H:L ratio was high, with no treatment effect for either measure. This, together with information on faecal corticosterone, feather loss and mortality, suggests that the welfare of birds in all treatments was relatively poor by the end of lay. |
| Address |
School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford BS40 5DU and ADAS Gleadthorpe, Meden Vale, Mansfield, Notts NG20 9PF, England. c.j.nicol@bristol.ac.uk |
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Place of Publication |
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| Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title  |
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| Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0007-1668 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:16641024 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
65 |
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| Author |
Albentosa, M.J.; Kjaer, J.B.; Nicol, C.J. |
| Title |
Strain and age differences in behaviour, fear response and pecking tendency in laying hens |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
British poultry science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br Poult Sci |
| Volume |
44 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
333-344 |
| Keywords |
Age Factors; Aggression/*physiology; Animal Husbandry; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Chickens/genetics/*physiology; Fear/*physiology; Feathers/*injuries; Female; Housing, Animal; Population Density; Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
1. Behaviours associated with a high or low tendency to feather peck could be used as predictors of feather pecking behaviour in selective breeding programmes. This study investigated how strain and age at testing influenced responses in behavioural tests. 2. Four layer-type strains (ISA Brown, Columbian Blacktail, Ixworth and a high feather pecking (HP) and a low feather pecking (LP) line of White Leghorn) were reared in 6 same-strain/line pens of 8 birds from one day old. Birds in half the pens were given an open field test, a novel object test and a test with loose feather bundles between 4 and 12 weeks of age and a tonic immobility (TI) test at 13 weeks of age. All pens were tested with fixed feather bundles at 26 weeks, and undisturbed behaviour in the home pens was videoed at 1 and 27 weeks of age. Daily records of plumage damage were used as an indicator of feather pecking activity in the home pens. 3. Strain did not influence novel object test, open field test or loose feather test behaviour, although age effects in all three tests indicated a reduction in fearfulness and/or an increase in exploratory behaviour with increasing age. 4. White Leghorns showed longer TI durations than the other strains but less pecking at fixed feather bundles than ISA Browns and Columbian Blacktails. 5. There were few associations between behaviour in the 5 different tests, indicating that birds did not have overall behavioural traits that were consistent across different contexts. This suggests hens cannot easily be categorised into different behavioural 'types', based on their test responses and casts doubt on the usefulness of tests as predictors of feather pecking. |
| Address |
Centre for Behavioural Biology, Division of Farm Animal Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, England. MAlbentosa@lincoln.ac.uk |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0007-1668 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:13677322 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
80 |
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| Author |
Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, A. |
| Title |
Absence of effects from immunocontraception on seasonal birth patterns and foal survival among barrier island wild horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Anim Welf Sci |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
301-308 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Newborn; Animals, Wild/*physiology; Birth Rate; Case-Control Studies; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; Horses/*physiology; Maryland/epidemiology; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Pregnancy; *Receptors, Cell Surface; *Reproduction; Seasons; Vaccines, Contraceptive/administration & dosage |
| Abstract |
Despite a large body of safety data, concern exists that porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) immunocontraception--used to manage wild horse populations--may cause out-of-season births with resulting foal mortality. Our study at Assateague, Maryland indicated the effects of immunocontraception on season of birth and foal survival between 1990 and 2002 on wild horses from Assateague Island. Among 91 mares never treated, 69 (75.8%) of foals were born in April, May, and June (in season). Among 77 treated mares, 50 (64.9%) were born in season. Of 29 mares foaling within 1 year after treatment (contraceptive failures), 20 (68.9%) were born in season. Of 48 mares treated for greater than 2 years then withdrawn from treatment, 30 (62.5%) of 48 foals were born in season. There were no significant differences (p <.05) between either treatment group or untreated mares. Survival did not differ significantly among foals born in or out of season or among foals born to treated or untreated mares. Data indicate a lack of effect of PZP contraception on season of birth or foal survival on barrier island habitats. |
| Address |
Science and Conservation Center Zoo Montana, Billings, Montana 59106, USA. jkirkpatrick@montana.net |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1088-8705 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:14965784 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
140 |
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| Author |
Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, A. |
| Title |
Reversibility of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Reprod Suppl |
| Volume |
60 |
Issue |
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Pages |
197-202 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Wild; Antigens/administration & dosage; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; Fertility; *Horses; Immunization, Secondary/veterinary; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Pregnancy; *Receptors, Cell Surface; Safety; Swine; Time Factors; Vaccines, Contraceptive/*administration & dosage |
| Abstract |
Contraceptive management of publicly valued wildlife species requires safeguards to ensure that these populations are preserved in a healthy state. In addition, reversibility of contraceptive effects and safety in pregnant animals are major concerns. A population of wild horses has been immunized against porcine zona pellucida (PZP) over a 12 year period on Assateague Island National Seashore, MD (ASIS). Mares initially received one or two 65 microg inoculations and once a year 65 microg booster inoculations, all delivered by dart. All young mares aged > 2 years were treated with PZP for 3 consecutive years regardless of whether they have bred successfully and they were then removed from treatment until they had foaled. All mares vaccinated for 1 or 2 consecutive years became fertile again and 69% of mares treated for 3 consecutive years returned to fertility. All five mares treated for 4 or 5 consecutive years have also returned to fertility, but over longer periods of time. Mares treated for 7 consecutive years have not returned to fertility, but several, while still infertile, have started ovulating again. There was no difference in survival rates between foals born to treated and untreated mares, and PZP treatment of pregnant mares did not affect subsequent fertility of their female offspring. |
| Address |
Science and Conservation Center, ZooMontana, Billings 59106, USA. zoolab@wtp.net |
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Thesis |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1477-0415 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:12220160 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
141 |
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| Author |
Turner, A.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. |
| Title |
Effects of immunocontraception on population, longevity and body condition in wild mares (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Reprod Suppl |
| Volume |
60 |
Issue |
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Pages |
187-195 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Wild; Antigens/administration & dosage; Body Constitution; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; *Horses; Longevity; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Population Dynamics; *Receptors, Cell Surface; Swine; Vaccines, Contraceptive/administration & dosage |
| Abstract |
Contraception is becoming a common approach for the management of captive and wild ungulates yet there are few data for contraceptive effects on entire populations. Management-level treatment of mares with porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine resulted in zero population growth of the Assateague Island wild horse population within 1 year of initiation of treatment. Contraceptive efficacy was 90% for mares treated twice in the first year and annually thereafter. For mares given a single initial inoculation, contraceptive efficacy was 78%. The effort required to achieve zero population growth decreased, as 95, 83 and 84% of all adult mares were treated in each of the first 3 years, compared with 59 and 52% during the last 2 years. Mortality rates for mares and foals after the initiation of management-level treatments decreased below historic and pretreatment mortality rates of approximately 5%. Two new age classes have appeared among treated animals (21-25 years and > 25 years), indicating an increase in longevity among treated animals. Body condition scores for all horses, all adult mares and non-lactating mares increased significantly between summer 1989 and autumn 1999 but did not change significantly in lactating mares. These results provide reliable data for the construction of realistic models for contraceptive management of free-roaming or captive ungulate populations. |
| Address |
Assateague Island National Seashore, Berlin, MD 21811, USA |
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Place of Publication |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1477-0415 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:12220158 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
142 |
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| Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Aureli, F.; Judge, P.G. |
| Title |
Coping with crowding |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
| Volume |
282 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
76-81 |
| Keywords |
*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Emotions; Female; Grooming; Homicide; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Population Density; Primates; Rodentia; Rural Population; Territoriality; Urban Population; Violence |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0036-8733 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:11056991 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
184 |
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| Author |
Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
Intergroup grooming relations between alpha females in a population of free-ranging rhesus macaques |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
| Volume |
63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
63-70 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; *Grooming; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Population Density; *Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
Intergroup affiliation among female rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, was examined in the captive free-ranging colony of Morgan Island, S.C., USA. The provisioned colony has many social groups (35) and is maintained at a relatively high population density (21 animals/ha) with a relatively low adult male to female ratio (1:8.8). Focal and ad libitum samples were collected on 32 adults (3 males and 29 females) from two groups. Although infrequent, grooming was observed between adult females from different groups, and alpha females were the main participants in these interactions. Colony records indicated that none of the intergroup grooms was between females formerly from a common group. Relations between familiar neighboring groups may be maintained by a combination of both affiliative and aggressive behavior. |
| Address |
Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Lawrenceville, Ga 30243 |
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English |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0015-5713 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:7813977 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
208 |
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| Author |
Cancedda, M. |
| Title |
[Social and behavioral organization of horses on the Giara (Sardinia): distribution and aggregation] |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Bollettino della Societa italiana di biologia sperimentale |
Abbreviated Journal |
Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper |
| Volume |
66 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1089-1096 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology/psychology; Environment; Female; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Italy; Male; Population Density; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Water |
| Abstract |
In this paper some considerations on the environment of the 42 Kmq of the volcanic-basaltic Giara tableland are discussed. Conditioning by the environment and its effect on the distribution of a population of 712 horses is illustrated in view of their social and behavioural organization. |
| Address |
Istituto di Fisiologia Generale e Speciale, Universita di Sassari |
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| Language |
Italian |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
Introduzione all'organizzazione sociale e comportamentale dei cavallini sulla Giara (Sardegna): distribuzione ed aggregazione |
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Series Title |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0037-8771 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:2095819 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
673 |
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| Author |
De Stoppelaire, G.H.; Gillespie, T.W.; Brock, J.C.; Tobin, G.A. |
| Title |
Use of remote sensing techniques to determine the effects of grazing on vegetation cover and dune elevation at Assateague Island National Seashore: impact of horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Environmental Management |
Abbreviated Journal |
Environ Manage |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
642-649 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; *Feeding Behavior; *Horses; Maryland; Plants/*growth & development; Population Dynamics; Silicon Dioxide; *Soil |
| Abstract |
The effects of grazing by feral horses on vegetation and dune topography at Assateague Island National Seashore were investigated using color-infrared imagery, lidar surveys, and field measurements. Five pairs of fenced and unfenced plots (300 m2) established in 1993 on sand flats and small dunes with similar elevation, topography, and vegetation cover were used for this study. Color-infrared imagery from 1998 and field measurements from 2001 indicated that there was a significant difference in vegetation cover between the fenced and unfenced plot-pairs over the study period. Fenced plots contained a higher percentage of vegetation cover that was dominated by American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata). Lidar surveys from 1997, 1999, and 2000 showed that there were significant differences in elevation and topography between fenced and unfenced plot-pairs. Fenced plots were, on average, 0.63 m higher than unfenced plots, whereas unfenced plots had generally decreased in elevation after establishment in 1993. Results demonstrate that feral horse grazing has had a significant impact on dune formation and has contributed to the erosion of dunes at Assateague Island. The findings suggest that unless the size of the feral horse population is reduced, grazing will continue to foster unnaturally high rates of dune erosion into the future. In order to maintain the natural processes that historically occurred on barrier islands, much larger fenced exclosures would be required to prevent horse grazing. |
| Address |
US Geological Survey, Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA. georgia.destoppelaire@my.FWC.com |
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Place of Publication |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0364-152X |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:15633024 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1896 |
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| Author |
Feist, J.D.; McCullough, D.R. |
| Title |
Reproduction in feral horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
| Volume |
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Issue |
23 |
Pages |
13-18 |
| Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Female; Horses/*physiology; Leadership; Male; Maternal Behavior; Population; Reproduction; *Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Dominance; Sucking Behavior |
| Abstract |
A behavioural study of feral horses was conducted on the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range in the western United States. All 270 horses on the Range were identified individually. The sex ratio was nearly balanced. Foal to adult female ratio was 43-2:100. Morality was concentrated among foals and old horses. Horses were organized as forty-four harem groups each with a dominant stallion, one to two immature stallions, one to three immature mares, one to three adult mares and their yearling and foal offspring, and 23 bachelor groups of one to eight stallions. Harem groups were quite stable year-round because of dominance and leadership by the stallions and group fidelity by mares and their offsring. Most changes occurred during the breeding season and involved immature females. Defeat of dominant stallions was infrequent. Immature males were tolerated because of their submissive behaviour. Bachelor stallion groups were inherently unstable. Mares came into heat after foaling in May/June, and were mated by harem stallions only. |
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English |
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Original Title |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0449-3087 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:1060766 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1964 |
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