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Author |
Brannon, E.M.; Terrace, H.S. |
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Title |
Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
282 |
Issue |
5389 |
Pages |
746-749 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Discrimination (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Mathematics; *Mental Processes |
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Abstract |
A fundamental question in cognitive science is whether animals can represent numerosity (a property of a stimulus that is defined by the number of discriminable elements it contains) and use numerical representations computationally. Here, it was shown that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosity of visual stimuli and detect their ordinal disparity. Two monkeys were first trained to respond to exemplars of the numerosities 1 to 4 in an ascending numerical order (1 --> 2 --> 3 --> 4). As a control for non-numerical cues, exemplars were varied with respect to size, shape, and color. The monkeys were later tested, without reward, on their ability to order stimulus pairs composed of the novel numerosities 5 to 9. Both monkeys responded in an ascending order to the novel numerosities. These results show that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosities 1 to 9 on an ordinal scale. |
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Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. liz@psych.columbia.edu |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:9784133 |
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606 |
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Owren, M.J.; Dieter, J.A.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
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Title |
Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques cross-fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Developmental psychobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dev Psychobiol |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
389-406 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Environment; Female; *Macaca; *Macaca mulatta; Male; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal |
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Abstract |
Two rhesus and two Japanese macaque infants were cross-fostered between species in order to study the effects of auditory experience on vocal development. Both the cross-fostered and normally raised control subjects were observed over the first 2 years of life and their vocalizations were tape-recorded. We classified 8053 calls by ear, placed each call in one of six acoustic categories, and calculated the rates at which different call-types were used in different social contexts. Species differences were found in the use of “coo” and “gruff” vocalizations among control subjects. Japanese macaques invariably produced coos almost exclusively. In contrast, rhesus macaques produced a mixture of coos and gruffs and showed considerable interindividual variation in the relative use of one call type or the other. Cross-fostered Japanese macaques adhered to their species-typical behavior, rarely using gruffs. Cross-fostered rhesus subjects also exhibited species-typical behavior in many contexts, but in some situations produced coos and gruffs at rates that were intermediate between those shown by normally raised animals of the two species. This outcome suggests that environmentally mediated modification of vocal behavior may have occurred, but that the resulting changes were quite limited. |
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California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:8270122 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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700 |
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Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. |
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Title |
The representation of social relations by monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Cognition |
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37 |
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1-2 |
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167-196 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cercopithecus aethiops/*psychology; Concept Formation; *Dominance-Subordination; Female; Macaca fascicularis/*psychology; Male; *Social Behavior; *Social Environment |
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Abstract |
Monkeys recognize the social relations that exist among others in their group. They know who associates with whom, for example, and other animals' relative dominance ranks. In addition, monkeys appear to compare types of social relations and make same/different judgments about them. In captivity, longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) trained to recognize the relation between one adult female and her offspring can identify the same relation among other mother-offspring pairs, and distinguish this relation from bonds between individuals who are related in a different way. In the wild, if a vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) has seen a fight between a member of its own family and a member of Family X, this increases the likelihood that it will act aggressively toward another member of Family X. Vervets act as if they recognize some similarity between their own close associates and the close associates of others. To make such comparisons the monkeys must have some way of representing the properties of social relationships. We discuss the adaptive value of such representations, the information they contain, their structure, and their limitations. |
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Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104 |
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0010-0277 |
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PMID:2269006 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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702 |
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Author |
Cook, M.; Mineka, S.; Wolkenstein, B.; Laitsch, K. |
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Title |
Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
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Journal of abnormal psychology |
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J Abnorm Psychol |
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94 |
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4 |
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591-610 |
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Animals; *Conditioning, Classical; *Fear; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Snakes |
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0021-843X |
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PMID:4078162 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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707 |
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Author |
Brennan, J.; Anderson, J. |
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Title |
Varying responses to feeding competition in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
353-360 |
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Keywords |
Macaca mulatta – Dominance – Feeding – Agonistic behaviour – Snakes |
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Abstract |
The behaviour of members of a group of rhesus monkeys was observed in experimentally created, competitive feeding situations. Socially dominant members of the group tended to start eating before lower-ranking subjects, and generally ate more. Dominants sometimes used aggression to control access to food, but overall, intermediate-ranking monkeys were involved in most agonistic episodes. Non-dominant subjects improved their feeding performance when food was presented in three piles rather than one pile, often by snatching food and consuming it away from the pile. These general patterns were less evident when realistic snake models were placed on some of the food piles. Feeding was disrupted by the presence of snakes, but notably, subordinates risked feeding in these conditions. Piles containing preferred foods and snakes were eaten from, but a low-preference food (carrot) under snakes went untouched by all subjects. The results suggest that group-members evaluate potential risks and benefits of competing for a restricted resource, and that dominance status, while an important factor, is only one element in the equation. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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809 |
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Author |
Dubuc, C.; Chapais, B. |
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Title |
Feeding Competition in Macaca fascicularis : An Assessment of the Early Arrival Tactic |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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male tolerance – alternative tactics – arrival order – dominance – Macaca fascicularis |
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In primate species with unidirectional dominance relationships, rank order restricts the access of nondominant females to clumped resources. However, females might attempt to bypass the rank order by reaching feeding sites before the highest ranking individuals (early arrival tactic) when there are net benefits. We therefore analyzed the order of arrival to the feeding site of the adult members of a captive group of long-tailed macaques. We used 2 experimental conditions that differed in the spatial distribution of a fixed amount of food (large vs. small patch). Though each condition induced contest competition, it was stronger in the small-patch condition. Arrival order does not correlate with dominance rank in either experimental condition. The α-male and α-female reached the feeding site 10-30 s after the beginning of the test. Some females seized on opportunities to reach the feeding site before them, especially in the large-patch condition. They used the early arrival tactic when the risks of aggression were relatively low, which subjects accomplished either by being dominant or by being nondominant but tolerated by the α-male. Social tolerance may provide individuals with an alternative means to obtain resources. In sum, variation in food abundance and distribution may affect the extent to which rank order determines order of arrival to feeding sites. A higher rank may confer priority in the choice of tactics, but not necessarily priority of access to the resources themselves. |
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812 |
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Author |
Cooper, M.A.; Berntein, I.S.; Hemelrijk, C.K. |
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Title |
Reconciliation and relationship quality in Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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65 |
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3 |
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269-282 |
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Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Female; Macaca/*psychology; Male; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
A consistent conclusion in reconciliation research is that animals that reconcile are likely to have strong social bonds. This has led to the hypothesis that reconciliation occurs most often between valuable social partners. We tested this hypothesis in a group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) living near a temple in Assam, India. Using focal sample and ad libitum data collection, we recorded the occurrence of reconciliation, grooming, and agonistic aiding, and the outcomes of approach. We used matrix association methods (TauKr correlation) to correlate reconciliation with grooming, aiding, and approach outcome. Females reconciled more often with females with which they had stronger grooming and aiding relationships. The correlation between reconciliation and aiding was significant for support to the aggressor and the victim. In contrast, no such correlations with reconciliation were found for males. This study provides evidence that females reconcile most often with valuable and compatible social partners. The results do not support the relationship-quality hypothesis for males, and we suggest that future studies give more consideration to the possibility that males reconcile for reasons other than to repair relationships with valuable partners. |
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Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3966, USA. biomcc@langate.gsu.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:15772987 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2875 |
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Author |
Cooper, M.A.; Bernstein, I.S. |
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Title |
Counter aggression and reconciliation in Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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56 |
Issue |
4 |
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215-230 |
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*Aggression; Animals; Female; *Macaca; Male; Phylogeny; Sex Factors; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance |
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Abstract |
Patterns of aggressive and affiliative behavior, such as counter aggression and reconciliation, are said to covary in the genus Macaca; this is referred to as the systematic variation hypothesis. These behavior patterns constitute a species dominance style. Van Schaik's [1989] socioecological model explains dominance style in macaques in terms of within- and between-group contest competition. Dominance style is also said to correlate with phylogeny in macaques. The present study was undertaken to examine phylogenetic and socioecological explanations of dominance style, as well as the systematic variation hypothesis. We collected data on counter aggression and reconciliation from a habituated group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) at the Tukeswari Temple in Assam, India. The proportion of agonistic episodes that involved counter aggression was relatively low. Counter aggression, however, occurred more often among males than among females, and it was most common when females initiated aggression against males. The conciliatory tendency for this group of Assamese macaques was 11.2%. The frequency of reconciliation was low for fights among males and for fights among females, but reconciliation was particularly rare for opposite-sexed opponents. Female social relationships were consistent with the systematic variation hypothesis, and suggest a despotic dominance style. A despotic dominance style in Assamese macaques weakens the correlation between dominance style and phylogeny in macaques, but it is not inconsistent with the socioecological model. Male-female relationships were not well explained by the despotic-egalitarian framework, and males may well have more tolerant social relationships than do females. Sex differences need to be considered when categorizing species according to dominance style. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. biomcc@langate.gsu.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:11948638 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2877 |
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