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	Author	Jones, J.E.; Antoniadis, E.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Kamil, A.C.
	Title	A comparative study of geometric rule learning by nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), pigeons (Columba livia), and jackdaws (Corvus monedula)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	116	Issue	4	Pages	350-356
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Birds; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Learning/physiology; Mathematics; Random Allocation; Spatial Behavior/*physiology
	Abstract	Three avian species, a seed-caching corvid (Clark's nutcrackers; Nucifraga columbiana), a non-seed-caching corvid (jackdaws; Corvus monedula), and a non-seed-caching columbid (pigeons; Columba livia), were tested for ability to learn to find a goal halfway between 2 landmarks when distance between the landmarks varied during training. All 3 species learned, but jackdaws took much longer than either pigeons or nutcrackers. The nutcrackers searched more accurately than either pigeons or jackdaws. Both nutcrackers and pigeons showed good transfer to novel landmark arrays in which interlandmark distances were novel, but inconclusive results were obtained from jackdaws. Species differences in this spatial task appear quantitative rather than qualitative and are associated with differences in natural history rather than phylogeny.
	Address	School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588-0118, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12539930			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	369
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	Author	Gibson, B.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; McDonald, R.J.
	Title	Finding a goal on dry land and in the water: differential effects of disorientation on spatial learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavioural brain research	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Brain. Res.
	Volume	123	Issue	1	Pages	103-111
	Keywords	Animals; Cues; Environment; Male; Maze Learning/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Spatial Behavior/*physiology; Water
	Abstract	Two previous studies, Martin et al. (J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 23 (1997) 183) and Dudchenko et al. (J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 23 (1997) 194), report that, compared to non-disoriented controls, rats disoriented before testing were disrupted in their ability to learn the location of a goal on a dry radial-arm maze task, but that both groups learned at the same rate in the Morris water maze. However, the radial-arm maze task was much more difficult than the water maze. In the current set of experiments, we examined the performance of control and disoriented rats on more comparable dry land and water maze tasks. Compared to non-disoriented rats, rats that were disoriented before testing were significantly impaired in locating a goal in a circular dry arena, but not a water tank. The results constrain theoretical explanations for the differential effects of disorientation on different spatial tasks.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3. gibson@psych.utoronto.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0166-4328	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11377733			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	372
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	Author	Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioral neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	110	Issue	4	Pages	831-835
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/physiology; Brain Mapping; Color Perception/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Hippocampus/physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology; Mental Recall/physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	The effects of hippocampal complex lesions on memory for location and color were assessed in black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in operant tests of matching to sample. Before surgery, most birds were more accurate on tests of memory for location than on tests of memory for color. Damage to the hippocampal complex caused a decline in memory for location, whereas memory for color was not affected in the same birds. This dissociation indicates that the avian hippocampus plays an important role in spatial cognition and suggests that this brain structure may play no role in working memory generally.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8864273			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	376
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Varieties of learning and memory in animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	19	Issue	1	Pages	5-14
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Birds; Conditioning, Classical; Evolution; Imprinting (Psychology); Learning; Memory; Social Environment; Species Specificity; Taste
	Abstract	It is often assumed that there is more than one kind of learning--or more than one memory system--each of which is specialized for a different function. Yet, the criteria by which the varieties of learning and memory should be distinguished are seldom clear. Learning and memory phenomena can differ from one another across species or situations (and thus be specialized) in a number of different ways. What is needed is a consistent theoretical approach to the whole range of learning phenomena, and one is explored here. Parallels and contrasts in the study of sensory systems illustrate one way to integrate the study of general mechanisms with an appreciation of species-specific adaptations.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8418217			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	380
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	Author	Reid, P.J.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Detection of cryptic prey: search image or search rate?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	273-286
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences/psychology; Imagination; Mental Recall; *Predatory Behavior
	Abstract	Animals' improvement in capturing cryptic prey with experience has long been attributed to a perceptual mechanism, the specific search image. Detection could also be improved by adjusting rate of search. In a series of studies using both naturalistic and operant search tasks, pigeons searched for wheat, dyed to produce 1 conspicuous and 2 equally cryptic prey types. Contrary to the predictions of the search-rate hypothesis, pigeons given a choice between the 2 cryptic types took the type experienced most recently. However, experience with 1 cryptic type improved accuracy on the other cryptic type, a result inconsistent with a search image specific to 1 prey type. Search image may better be thought of as priming of attention to those features of the prey type that best distinguish the prey from the background.
	Address	University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1619395			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	381
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Plowright, C.M.
	Title	How pigeons estimate rates of prey encounter			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	219-235
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Food Preferences/psychology; Motivation; Predatory Behavior; Probability Learning; *Reinforcement Schedule; Social Environment
	Abstract	Pigeons were trained on operant schedules simulating successive encounters with prey items. When items were encountered on variable-interval schedules, birds were more likely to accept a poor item (long delay to food) the longer they had just searched, as if they were averaging prey density over a short memory window (Experiment 1). Responding as if the immediate future would be like the immediate past was reversed when a short search predicted a long search next time (Experiment 2). Experience with different degrees of environmental predictability appeared to change the length of the memory window (Experiment 3). The results may reflect linear waiting (Higa, Wynne, & Staddon, 1991), but they differ in some respects. The findings have implications for possible mechanisms of adjusting behavior to current reinforcement conditions.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1619391			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	382
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Foraging, memory, and constraints on learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	443	Issue		Pages	216-226
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Appetitive Behavior; Avoidance Learning; Birds; Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences; Memory; Mental Recall; Motivation; Predatory Behavior; Rats; *Taste
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3860072			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	384
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.; Krebs, J.R.
	Title	How marsh tits find their hoards: the roles of site preference and spatial memory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	354-375
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Birds; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Memory; Mental Recall; Orientation; *Space Perception
	Abstract	Marsh tits (Parus palustris) store single food items in scattered locations and recover them hours or days later. Some properties of the spatial memory involved were analyzed in two laboratory experiments. In the first, marsh tits were offered 97 sites for storing 12 seeds. They recovered a median of 65% of them 2-3 hr later, making only two errors per seed while doing so. Over trials, they used some sites more often than others, but during recovery they were more likely to visit a site of any preference value if they had stored a seed there that day than if they had not. Recovery performance was much worse if the experimenters moved the seeds between storage and recovery. A fixed search strategy that had some of the same average properties as the tits' search behavior also did worse than the real birds. In Experiment 2, any tendency to visit the same sites on successive daily tests in the aviary was placed in opposition to memory for storage sites by allowing the tits to store more seeds 2 hr after storing a first batch. They tended to avoid individual storage sites holding seeds from the first batch. When the tits searched for all the seeds 2 hr later, they tended to recover more seeds from the second batch than from the first, i.e., there was a recency effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7175447			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	385
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Stimulus relevance in the control of drinking and conditioned fear responses in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Journal of comparative and physiological psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Physiol Psychol
	Volume	80	Issue	2	Pages	175-198
	Keywords	Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Perception; Chickens; Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Drinking Behavior; Electroshock; Fear; Light; Motor Activity; Photic Stimulation; Punishment; Quinine; *Sound; Taste; Visual Perception
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-9940	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5047826			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	390
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	Author	Nevin, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	An analysis of contrast effects in multiple schedules			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1966	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	305-315
	Keywords	Animals; Birds; Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Extinction, Psychological; Male; Reaction Time; *Reinforcement (Psychology)
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5961499			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	392
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