| Home | << 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >> [11–20] |
|
| Records | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Bloom, P. | ||||
| Title | Behavior. Can a dog learn a word? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 304 | Issue | 5677 | Pages | 1605-1606 |
| Keywords | Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; *Dogs; Humans; *Learning; *Memory; *Vocabulary | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Yale University, Post Office Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA. paul.bloom@yale.edu | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
Series Editor  |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15192205 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 28 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Houpt, K.A.; Zahorik, D.M.; Swartzman-Andert, J.A. | ||||
| Title | Taste aversion learning in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1990 | Publication | Journal of animal science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 2340-2344 |
| Keywords | Animal Feed; Animals; *Avoidance Learning; Feeding Behavior/*psychology; *Food Preferences; Horses/physiology/*psychology; *Taste | ||||
| Abstract | The ability of ponies to learn to avoid a relatively novel food associated with illness was tested in three situations: when illness occurred immediately after consuming a feed; when illness occurred 30 min after consuming a feed; and when illness was contingent upon eating one of three feeds offered simultaneously. Apomorphine was used to produce illness. The feeds associated with illness were corn, alfalfa pellets, sweet feed and a complete pelleted feed. The ponies learned to avoid all the fees except the complete feed when apomorphine injection immediately followed consumption of the feed. However, the ponies did not learn to avoid a feed if apomorphine was delayed 30 min after feed consumption. They could learn to avoid alfalfa pellets, but not corn, when these feeds were presented with the familiar “safe foods,” oats and soybean meal. Ponies apparently are able to learn a taste aversion, but there were constraints on this learning ability. Under the conditions of this study, they did not learn to avoid a food that made them sick long after consumption of the food, and they had more difficulty learning to avoid highly palatable feeds. | ||||
| Address | Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0021-8812 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:2401656 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 41 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Moses, S.N.; Villate, C.; Ryan, J.D. | ||||
| Title | An investigation of learning strategy supporting transitive inference performance in humans compared to other species | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Neuropsychologia | Abbreviated Journal | Neuropsychologia |
| Volume | 44 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1370-1387 |
| Keywords | Adult; Analysis of Variance; Association Learning/*physiology; *Cognition; *Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Logic; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Reaction Time/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Generalizations about neural function are often drawn from non-human animal models to human cognition, however, the assumption of cross-species conservation may sometimes be invalid. Humans may use different strategies mediated by alternative structures, or similar structures may operate differently within the context of the human brain. The transitive inference problem, considered a hallmark of logical reasoning, can be solved by non-human species via associative learning rather than logic. We tested whether humans use similar strategies to other species for transitive inference. Results are crucial for evaluating the validity of widely accepted assumptions of similar neural substrates underlying performance in humans and other animals. Here we show that successful transitive inference in humans is unrelated to use of associative learning strategies and is associated with ability to report the hierarchical relationship among stimuli. Our work stipulates that cross-species generalizations must be interpreted cautiously, since performance on the same task may be mediated by different strategies and/or neural systems. | ||||
| Address | Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada. smoses@rotman-baycrest.on.ca | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0028-3932 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16503340 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 153 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Blaisdell, A.P.; Sawa, K.; Leising, K.J.; Waldmann, M.R. | ||||
| Title | Causal reasoning in rats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 311 | Issue | 5763 | Pages | 1020-1022 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; Bayes Theorem; *Cognition; Comprehension; Forecasting; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans | ||||
| Abstract | Empirical research with nonhuman primates appears to support the view that causal reasoning is a key cognitive faculty that divides humans from animals. The claim is that animals approximate causal learning using associative processes. The present results cast doubt on that conclusion. Rats made causal inferences in a basic task that taps into core features of causal reasoning without requiring complex physical knowledge. They derived predictions of the outcomes of interventions after passive observational learning of different kinds of causal models. These competencies cannot be explained by current associative theories but are consistent with causal Bayes net theories. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. blaisdell@psych.ucla.edu | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16484500 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 154 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | de Waal, F.B.; Seres, M. | ||||
| Title | Propagation of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | American journal of primatology | Abbreviated Journal | Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume | 43 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 339-346 |
| Keywords | Animals; Family Relations; Female; *Grooming; Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | A grooming posture previously reported for two wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) communities developed spontaneously in a captive group of the same species. This offered a unique opportunity to follow the propagation of a new social custom. The posture consists of two partners grasping hands--either both right hands or both left hands--and raising the arms in an A-frame above their heads while mutually grooming with their free hands. The propagation of this pattern was followed over a 5 year period. In the beginning, handclasps were always initiated by the same adult female. This female initiated the posture mainly with her adult female kin. In subsequent years, these relatives became frequent participants in the posture with each other as well as with nonrelatives. Over the years the posture increased in frequency and duration and spread to the majority of adults and also to a few adolescents and older juveniles. The pattern persisted after removal of the apparent originator. | ||||
| Address | Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0275-2565 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:9403098 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 202 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Imitation: definitions, evidence, and mechanisms | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 335-353 |
| Keywords | Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Motivation; *Social Environment; Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | Imitation can be defined as the copying of behavior. To a biologist, interest in imitation is focused on its adaptive value for the survival of the organism, but to a psychologist, the mechanisms responsible for imitation are the most interesting. For psychologists, the most important cases of imitation are those that involve demonstrated behavior that the imitator cannot see when it performs the behavior (e.g., scratching one's head). Such examples of imitation are sometimes referred to as opaque imitation because they are difficult to account for without positing cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, that most animals have not been acknowledged to have. The present review first identifies various forms of social influence and social learning that do not qualify as opaque imitation, including species-typical mechanisms (e.g., mimicry and contagion), motivational mechanisms (e.g., social facilitation, incentive motivation, transfer of fear), attentional mechanisms (e.g., local enhancement, stimulus enhancement), imprinting, following, observational conditioning, and learning how the environment works (affordance learning). It then presents evidence for different forms of opaque imitation in animals, and identifies characteristics of human imitation that have been proposed to distinguish it from animal imitation. Finally, it examines the role played in opaque imitation by demonstrator reinforcement and observer motivation. Although accounts of imitation have been proposed that vary in their level of analysis from neural to cognitive, at present no theory of imitation appears to be adequate to account for the varied results that have been found. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:17024510 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 217 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Macphail, E.M. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive function in mammals: the evolutionary perspective | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Brain research. Cognitive brain research | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Res Cogn Brain Res |
| Volume | 3 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 279-290 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Evolution; Humans; Learning/*physiology; Task Performance and Analysis | ||||
| Abstract | The work of behavioural pharmacologists has concentrated on small animals, such as rodents and pigeons. The validity of extrapolation of their findings to humans depends upon the existence of parallels in both physiology and psychology between these animals and humans. This paper considers the question whether there are in fact substantial cognitive parallels between, first, different non-human groups of vertebrates and, second, non-humans and humans. Behavioural data from 'simple' tasks, such as habituation and conditioning, do not point to species differences among vertebrates. Using examples that concentrate on the performance of rodents and birds, it is argued that, similarly, data from more complex tasks (learning-set formation, transitive inference, and spatial memory serve as examples) reveal few if any cognitive differences amongst non-human vertebrates. This conclusion supports the notion that association formation may be the critical problem-solving process available to non-human animals; associative mechanisms are assumed to have evolved to detect causal links between events, and would therefore be relevant in all ecological niches. In agreement with this view, recent advances in comparative neurology show striking parallels in functional organisation of mammalian and avian telencephalon. Finally, it is argued that although the peculiarly human capacity for language marks a large cognitive contrast between humans and non-humans, there is good evidence-in particular, from work on implicit learning--that the learning mechanisms available to non--humans are present and do play an important role in human cognition. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of York at Heslington, UK | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0926-6410 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8806029 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 603 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Markman, E.M.; Abelev, M. | ||||
| Title | Word learning in dogs? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 479-81; discussion 481 |
| Keywords | Animals; Association Learning; Dogs; *Learning; *Verbal Learning; *Vocabulary | ||||
| Abstract | In a recent paper, Kaminski, Call and Fischer report pioneering research on word-learning in a dog. In this commentary we suggest ways of distinguishing referential word use from mere association. We question whether the dog is reasoning by exclusion and, if so, compare three explanations – learned heuristics, default assumptions, and pragmatic reasoning – as they apply to children and might apply to dogs. Kaminski et al.'s work clearly raises important questions about the origins and basis of word learning and social cognition. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Bldg 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15491899 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 274 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Croneya, C.C. | ||||
| Title | Group size and cognitive processes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 15-228 |
| Keywords | Group size; Social complexity; Social learning; Cognitive processes | ||||
| Abstract | Animal group sizes may exert important effects on various cognitive mechanisms. Group size is believed to exert pressures on fundamental brain structures that correlate with the increased social demands placed on animals living in relatively large, complex and dynamic social organizations. There is strong experimental evidence connecting social complexity, social learning and development of other cognitive abilities in a broad range of wild and domesticated animal species. In particular, group size seems to have significant effects on animals? abilities to derive concrete and abstract relationships. Here, we review the literature pertaining to cognitive processes and behaviours of various animal species relative to group size, with emphasis on social learning. It is suggested that understanding the relationship between group size and cognition in animals may yield practical animal management benefits, such as housing and conservation strategies, and may also have implications for improved animal welfare. |
||||
| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Ruth C. Newberryb | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 277 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Krueger, K. | ||||
| Title | Behaviour of horses in the “round pen technique” | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 104 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 162-170 |
| Keywords | Learning; Dominance relationship; Horse; Human-animal relationships | ||||
| Abstract | I investigated the behavioural background of the way horses learn to follow humans in the “round pen technique” suggested by “horse whisperers” as a gentle method for initial horse training. Though the practicability of this technique has been adequately demonstrated in the past, the horses' behaviour during such training has not yet been documented in detail. In a riding arena, horses, that did not follow the trainer immediately, were chased away so that they galloped around the trainer. Galloping horses showed specific behaviour such as turning the ear to the trainer, chewing, licking, and stretching head and throat downwards. In subsequent trials horses needed to be chased for less time and finally followed immediately, even when conditions were changed or the trainer was replaced by another person. This suggests that horses learn to follow in this particular situation and also show some generalisation. However, following did not occur on a pasture even after several successful trials in the riding arena. | ||||
| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor |
Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 280 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||