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| Author | Markman, E.M.; Abelev, M. | ||||
| Title | Word learning in dogs? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 479-81; discussion 481 |
| Keywords | Animals; Association Learning; Dogs; *Learning; *Verbal Learning; *Vocabulary | ||||
| Abstract | In a recent paper, Kaminski, Call and Fischer report pioneering research on word-learning in a dog. In this commentary we suggest ways of distinguishing referential word use from mere association. We question whether the dog is reasoning by exclusion and, if so, compare three explanations – learned heuristics, default assumptions, and pragmatic reasoning – as they apply to children and might apply to dogs. Kaminski et al.'s work clearly raises important questions about the origins and basis of word learning and social cognition. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Bldg 420, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1364-6613 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15491899 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial  |
274 | ||
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| Author | Croneya, C.C. | ||||
| Title | Group size and cognitive processes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 15-228 |
| Keywords | Group size; Social complexity; Social learning; Cognitive processes | ||||
| Abstract | Animal group sizes may exert important effects on various cognitive mechanisms. Group size is believed to exert pressures on fundamental brain structures that correlate with the increased social demands placed on animals living in relatively large, complex and dynamic social organizations. There is strong experimental evidence connecting social complexity, social learning and development of other cognitive abilities in a broad range of wild and domesticated animal species. In particular, group size seems to have significant effects on animals? abilities to derive concrete and abstract relationships. Here, we review the literature pertaining to cognitive processes and behaviours of various animal species relative to group size, with emphasis on social learning. It is suggested that understanding the relationship between group size and cognition in animals may yield practical animal management benefits, such as housing and conservation strategies, and may also have implications for improved animal welfare. |
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| Corporate Author | Ruth C. Newberryb | Thesis | |||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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277 | ||
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| Author | Krueger, K. | ||||
| Title | Behaviour of horses in the “round pen technique” | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 104 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 162-170 |
| Keywords | Learning; Dominance relationship; Horse; Human-animal relationships | ||||
| Abstract | I investigated the behavioural background of the way horses learn to follow humans in the “round pen technique” suggested by “horse whisperers” as a gentle method for initial horse training. Though the practicability of this technique has been adequately demonstrated in the past, the horses' behaviour during such training has not yet been documented in detail. In a riding arena, horses, that did not follow the trainer immediately, were chased away so that they galloped around the trainer. Galloping horses showed specific behaviour such as turning the ear to the trainer, chewing, licking, and stretching head and throat downwards. In subsequent trials horses needed to be chased for less time and finally followed immediately, even when conditions were changed or the trainer was replaced by another person. This suggests that horses learn to follow in this particular situation and also show some generalisation. However, following did not occur on a pasture even after several successful trials in the riding arena. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
280 | ||
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| Author | Croney, C.C.; Prince-Kelly, N.; Meller, C.L. | ||||
| Title | A note on social dominance and learning ability in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 105 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 254-259 |
| Keywords | Chickens; Learning; Dominance | ||||
| Abstract | Relatively little is known about the relationship between social behavior and specific cognitive abilities of the chicken. It is uncertain whether dominant birds have a cognitive advantage over subordinate birds that might facilitate their superior position in the social hierarchy. Likewise, it is unknown whether subordinate birds compete successfully with higher ranking birds because their cognitive capacities compensate for physical deficits. In this study, the relationship between the chicken's position in the dominance hierarchy and its performance on a cognitive task was explored. Ten pairs of New Hampshire domestic roosters (Gallus gallus) were observed to determine dominance or subordinance within dyads. All birds were then trained and tested on a visual discrimination learning task. Discriminative stimuli were orange and green plastic discs. Correct stimuli (orange or green) were randomly assigned to birds. Placement of the discs (left or right of center) was also randomly assigned and counterbalanced to avoid a side bias. Birds were rewarded with food for pecking at the correct disc. Criterion for task completion was 80% correct responses on three consecutive test sessions or 86% correct on two consecutive sessions. All subjects met the test criterion. The number of trials to criterion was compared between dominant and subordinate birds using a paired t-test. No difference was found in performance between dominant and subordinate birds (p > 0.05) suggesting that in chickens, ability to learn a novel visual discrimination task is not well correlated with rank. Additional studies, particularly using different learning paradigms, are needed to confirm these results. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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284 | ||
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| Author | Lensink, J.; Veissier, I.; Boissy, A. | ||||
| Title | Enhancement of performances in a learning task in suckler calves after weaning and relocation: Motivational versus cognitive control?: A pilot study | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 100 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 171-181 |
| Keywords | Calves; Weaning; Learning; Cognition; Behavioural test | ||||
| Abstract | Weaning in suckler calves influences performance in a learning task. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the improved performance after weaning, including relocation, is due to differences in motivation for the reward or in learning abilities. Forty Aubrac calves were used; half of them were weaned from their dams at around eight months, the other half were weaned one month later. After weaning, calves were housed in groups of four in a new setting. From the day after weaning of the last group of calves, the animals were subjected to two tests: (1) an arena test, (2) a T-maze test where one arm led to either a social or a food reward. The T-maze test consisted of three sessions: in Session 1, trials were conducted until the animal acquired the task (i.e. did not take the unrewarded arm on three consecutive trials); in Session 2, the motivation for the reward was assessed via the walking time of the animal to reach the reward; in Session 3, the place of reward was reversed and the animals were trained until they acquired the new task. Calves weaned for one day explored more (P < 0.05) and had lower heart rates during the arena test (P < 0.05) compared to the ones weaned for one month. During the T-maze test, calves weaned for one month versus one day did not differ in their capacities to learn the initial route (Session 1) or in their motivation for either the social or food reward (Session 2). Calves weaned for one day learned significantly faster (P < 0.05) the reversed route (Session 3) than calves weaned for one month. Hence, the better performances at reversal in the T-maze by calves that have just been weaned cannot be accounted for by a higher motivation for the reward. A better cognitive control of their behaviour due to a lower stress state is suggested by our results. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
285 | ||
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| Author | Martin, T.I.; Zentall, T.R.; Lawrence, L. | ||||
| Title | Simple discrimination reversals in the domestic horse (Equus caballus): Effect of discriminative stimulus modality on learning to learn | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 101 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 328-338 |
| Keywords | Horse; Learning-to-learn; Discrimination Reversal | ||||
| Abstract | The cognitive capacity of an organism, relative to that of other species, can be assessed by using a relative measure of learning. One such measure is the ability of an organism to learn about the reversal of a discrimination. The present study compared the performance of two groups of horses on a simple discrimination reversal task when the only difference between the groups was the modality of the relevant cue. For the visual group (absence or presence of a light), the spatial position was irrelevant. For the spatial group, a spatial cue (left/right) was available and the visual cue was irrelevant. Horses in the spatial group learned the original discrimination and six reversals; they also showed evidence of learning to learn. Horses in the visual group did not reach criterion during the study. As a result, there was no evidence of learning to learn. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
289 | ||
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| Author | Agrillo, C.; Dadda, M.; Bisazza, A. | ||||
| Title | Quantity discrimination in female mosquitofish | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 63-70 |
| Keywords | Animals; Cognition; *Cyprinodontiformes; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual | ||||
| Abstract | The ability in animals to count and represent different numbers of objects has received a great deal of attention in the past few decades. Cumulative evidence from comparative studies on number discriminations report obvious analogies among human babies, non-human primates and birds and are consistent with the hypothesis of two distinct and widespread mechanisms, one for counting small numbers (<4) precisely, and one for quantifying large numbers approximately. We investigated the ability to discriminate among different numerosities, in a distantly related species, the mosquitofish, by using the spontaneous choice of a gravid female to join large groups of females as protection from a sexually harassing male. In one experiment, we found that females were able to discriminate between two shoals with a 1:2 numerosity ratio (2 vs. 4, 4 vs. 8 and 8 vs. 16 fish) but failed to discriminate a 2:3 ratio (8 vs. 12 fish). In the second experiment, we studied the ability to discriminate between shoals that differed by one element; females were able to select the larger shoal when the paired numbers were 2 vs. 3 or 3 vs. 4 but not 4 vs. 5 or 5 vs. 6. Our study indicates that numerical abilities in fish are comparable with those of other non-verbal creatures studied; results are in agreement with the hypothesis of the existence of two distinct systems for quantity discrimination in vertebrates. | ||||
| Address | Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy. christian.agrillo@unipd.it | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16868736 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
339 | ||
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| Author | Gentner, T.Q.; Fenn, K.M.; Margoliash, D.; Nusbaum, H.C. | ||||
| Title | Recursive syntactic pattern learning by songbirds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 440 | Issue | 7088 | Pages | 1204-1207 |
| Keywords | Acoustic Stimulation; *Animal Communication; Animals; Auditory Perception/*physiology; Humans; *Language; Learning/*physiology; Linguistics; Models, Neurological; Semantics; Starlings/*physiology; Stochastic Processes | ||||
| Abstract | Humans regularly produce new utterances that are understood by other members of the same language community. Linguistic theories account for this ability through the use of syntactic rules (or generative grammars) that describe the acceptable structure of utterances. The recursive, hierarchical embedding of language units (for example, words or phrases within shorter sentences) that is part of the ability to construct new utterances minimally requires a 'context-free' grammar that is more complex than the 'finite-state' grammars thought sufficient to specify the structure of all non-human communication signals. Recent hypotheses make the central claim that the capacity for syntactic recursion forms the computational core of a uniquely human language faculty. Here we show that European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) accurately recognize acoustic patterns defined by a recursive, self-embedding, context-free grammar. They are also able to classify new patterns defined by the grammar and reliably exclude agrammatical patterns. Thus, the capacity to classify sequences from recursive, centre-embedded grammars is not uniquely human. This finding opens a new range of complex syntactic processing mechanisms to physiological investigation. | ||||
| Address | Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. tgentner@ucsd.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16641998 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
353 | ||
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| Author | Ottoni, E.B.; de Resende, B.D.; Izar, P. | ||||
| Title | Watching the best nutcrackers: what capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) know about others' tool-using skills | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 215-219 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; Cebus/*psychology; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Nuts; *Problem Solving | ||||
| Abstract | The present work is part of a decade-long study on the spontaneous use of stones for cracking hard-shelled nuts by a semi-free-ranging group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Nutcracking events are frequently watched by other individuals--usually younger, less proficient, and that are well tolerated to the point of some scrounging being allowed by the nutcracker. Here we report findings showing that the choice of observational targets is an active, non-random process, and that observers seem to have some understanding of the relative proficiency of their group mates, preferentially watching the more skilled nutcrackers, which enhances not only scrounging payoffs, but also social learning opportunities. | ||||
| Address | Laboratory of Cognitive Ethology, Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. ebottoni@usp.br | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15719240 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
355 | ||
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| Author | Sutton, J.E.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Internal sense of direction and landmark use in pigeons (Columba livia) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 119 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 273-284 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Columbidae; Conflict (Psychology); *Cues; Discrimination Learning; Homing Behavior; *Intuition; *Orientation; *Space Perception; Transfer (Psychology); *Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | The relative importance of an internal sense of direction based on inertial cues and landmark piloting for small-scale navigation by White King pigeons (Columba livia) was investigated in an arena search task. Two groups of pigeons differed in whether they had access to visual cues outside the arena. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given experience with 2 different entrances and all pigeons transferred accurate searching to novel entrances. Explicit disorientation before entering did not affect accuracy. In Experiments 2-4, landmarks and inertial cues were put in conflict or tested 1 at a time. Pigeons tended to follow the landmarks in a conflict situation but could use an internal sense of direction to search when landmarks were unavailable. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. jsutton7@uwo.ca | ||||
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| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16131256 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial |
360 | ||
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