| Records |
Author  |
Russon, A.E.; Galdikas, B.M.F. |
| Title |
Constraints on great apes' imitation: Model and action selectivity in rehabilitant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) imitation |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume |
109 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
5-17 |
| Keywords |
*Imitation (Learning); Primates (Nonhuman) |
| Abstract |
We discuss selectivity in great ape imitation, on the basis of an observational study of spontaneous imitation in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Research on great ape imitation has neglected selectivity, although comparative evidence suggests it may be important. We observed orangutans in central Indonesian Borneo and assessed patterns in the models and actions they spontaneously imitated. The patterns we found resembled those reported in humans. Orangutans preferred models with whom they had positive affective relationships (e.g., important caregiver or older sibling) and actions that reflected their current competence, were receptively familiar, and were relevant to tasks that faced them. Both developmental and individual variability were found. We discuss the probable functions of imitation for great apes and the role of selectivity in directing it. We also make suggestions for more effective elicitation of imitation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) |
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American Psychological Association |
Place of Publication |
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1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print) |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1995-20268-001 |
Serial |
5690 |
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| Author |
Rudy, J.W.; Iwens, J.; Best, P.J. |
| Title |
Pairing novel exteroceptive cues and illness reduces illness-induced taste aversions |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
14-25 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Association; *Avoidance Learning; Awareness; Conditioning, Operant; *Cues; Drinking Behavior; Environment; Inhibition (Psychology); Lithium/poisoning; Male; Rats; Saccharin/pharmacology; *Taste |
| Abstract |
Four experiments are reported that lead to the conclusion that pairing novel exteroceptive stimulation (placement into a black compartment) with a poison (lithium chloride) attenuates the development of an aversion to a taste (saccharin) subsequently paired with the poison. Such an attenuation effect occurs whether the exteroceptive cues are present or absent when the taste-poison pairing is administered. Interpretation and implications of this finding are discussed. |
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English |
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0097-7403 |
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| Notes |
PMID:845542 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2789 |
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| Author |
Rubin, L.; Oppegard, C.; Hindz, H.F. |
| Title |
The effect of varying the temporal distribution of conditioning trials on equine learning behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume |
50 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1184-1187 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); *Horses; *Learning |
| Abstract |
Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of varying the temporal distrbution of conditioning sessions on equine learning behavior. In the first experiment, 15 ponies were trained to clear a small hurdle in response to a buzzer in order to avoid a mild electric shock. Three treatments were used. One group received 10 learning trials daily, seven times a week; one group was trained in the same fashion two times a week and one group was trained once a week. The animals conditioned only once a week achieved a high level of performance in significantly fewer sessions than the ones conditioned seven times a week, although elapsed time from start of training to completion was two to three times greater for the former group. The twice-a-week group learned at an intermediate rate. In the second experiment, the ponies were rearranged into three new groups. They were taught to move backward a specific distance in response to a visual cue in order to avoid an electric shock. Again, one group was trained seven times a week, one group was trained two times and one group was trained once a week. As in the first experiment, the animals trained once a week achieved the learning criteria in significantly fewer sessions than those trained seven times a week, but, as in trial 1, elapsed time from start to finish was greater for them. The two times-a-week group learned at a rate in-between the rates of the other two groups. |
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English |
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0021-8812 |
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| Notes |
PMID:7400060 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3558 |
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| Author |
Rozempolska-Ruciń ska, Iwona; Trojan, Maciej; Kosik, Elż bieta; Próchniak, Tomasz; Górecka-Bruzda, Aleksandra |
| Title |
How “natural” training methods can affect equine mental state? A critical approach -- a review |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Animal Science Papers & Reports |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
185 |
| Keywords |
HORSES -- Training; HORSEMANSHIP; HUMAN-animal relationships; LEARNING in animals; ANIMAL psychology; ANIMAL intelligence; ANIMAL welfare |
| Abstract |
Among equestrians the “natural” training methods of horses are gaining widespread popularity due to their spectacular efficiency. Underlying philosophy of trainers – founders of different “natural horsemanship training” (NHT) schools, along with other not well documented statements includes argumentation of solely welfare- and human-friendly effects of NHT in the horse. The aim of this review was to screen scientific papers related to NHT to answer the question whether „natural“ training methods may actually exert only positive effects upon equine mental state and human-horse relationship. It appears that NHT trainers may reduce stress and emotional tension and improve learning processes as they appropriately apply learning stimuli. Basing on revised literature it can be concluded that training is successful provided that [i] the strength of the aversive stimulus meets sensitivity of an individual horse, [ii] the aversive stimulus is terminated at a right moment to avoid the impression of punishment, and [iii] the animal is given enough time to assess its situation and make an independent decision in the form of adequate behavioural reaction. Neglecting any of these conditions may lead to substantial emotional problems, hyperactivity, or excessive fear in the horse-human relationship, regardless of the training method. However, we admit that the most successful NHT trainers reduce aversive stimulation to the minimum and that horses learn quicker with fear or stress reactions, apparently decreasing along with training process. Anyway, NHT should be acknowledged for absolutely positive role in pointing out the importance of proper stimulation in the schooling and welfare of horses. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5726 |
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| Author |
Roper, K.L.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Directed forgetting in animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Psychological bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Bull |
| Volume |
113 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
513-532 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders/*psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis |
| Abstract |
Directed-forgetting research with animals suggests that animals show disrupted test performance only under certain conditions. Important variables are (a) whether during training, the cue to forget (F cue) signals nonreward (i.e., that the trial is over) versus reward (i.e., that reinforcement can be obtained) and (b) given that reinforcement can be obtained on F-cue trials, whether the post-F-cue response pattern is compatible with the baseline memory task. It is proposed that some findings of directed forgetting can be attributed to trained response biases, whereas others may be attributable perhaps to frustration-produced interference. It is suggested that directed forgetting in animals should be studied using procedures similar to those used to study directed forgetting in humans. This can be accomplished by presenting, within a trial, both to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten material. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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English |
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0033-2909 |
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| Notes |
PMID:8316612 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
259 |
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| Author |
Rogers, A.R. |
| Title |
Does Biology Constrain Culture? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
American Anthropologist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Anthropol |
| Volume |
90 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
819-831 |
| Keywords |
models, learning, evolution, culture, fitness, adaptive, environment, human, natural selection, behavior |
| Abstract |
Most social scientists would agree that the capacity for human culture was probably fashioned by natural selection, but they disagree about the implications of this supposition. Some believe that natural selection imposes important constraints on the ways in which culture can vary, while others believe that any such constraints must be negligible. This article employs a “thought experiment” to demonstrate that neither of these positions can be justified by appeal to general properties of culture or of evolution. Natural selection can produce mechanisms of cultural transmission that are neither adaptive nor consistent with the predictions of acultural evolutionary models (those ignoring cultural evolution). On the other hand, natural selection can also produce mechanisms of cultural transmission that are highly consistent with acultural models. Thus, neither side of the sociobiology debate is justified in dismissing the arguments of the other. Natural selection may impose significant constraints on some human behaviors, but negligible constraints on others. Models of simultaneous genetic/cultural evolution will be useful in identifying domains in which acultural evolutionary models are, and are not, likely to be useful. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ citeulike:907484 |
Serial |
4199 |
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| Author |
Rizzolatti, G.; Fogassi, L.; Gallese, V. |
| Title |
Mirrors of the mind |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
| Volume |
295 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
54-61 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Brain/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Emotions/physiology; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning/*physiology; Mental Processes/*physiology; Motor Activity/physiology; Neurons/physiology; Recognition (Psychology); Sensation/physiology |
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Neurosciences Department, University of Parma, Italy |
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English |
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0036-8733 |
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| Notes |
PMID:17076084 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2829 |
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| Author |
Rilling, M.E.; Neiworth, J.J. |
| Title |
How animals use images |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Science Progress |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Prog |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
298 Pt 3-4 |
Pages |
439-452 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; Columbidae; *Concept Formation; *Imagination; *Mental Recall; Motion Perception; Problem Solving; *Thinking; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
Animal cognition is a field within experimental psychology in which cognitive processes formerly studied exclusively with people have been demonstrated in animals. Evidence for imagery in the pigeon emerges from the experiments described here. The pigeon's task was to discriminate, by pecking the appropriate choice key, between a clock hand presented on a video screen that rotated clockwise with constant velocity from a clock hand that violated constant velocity. Imagery was defined by trials on which the line rotated from 12.00 o'clock to 3.00 o'clock, then disappeared during a delay, and reappeared at a final stop location beyond 3.00 o'clock. After acquisition of a discrimination with final stop locations at 3.00 o'clock and 6.00 o'clock, the evidence for imagery was the accurate responding of the pigeons to novel locations at 4.00 o'clock and 7.00 o'clock. Pigeons display evidence of imagery by transforming a representation of movement that includes a series of intermediate steps which accurately represent the location of a moving stimulus after it disappears. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824 |
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English |
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0036-8504 |
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| Notes |
PMID:1842858 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2831 |
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| Author |
Reznikova, Z.I. |
| Title |
[The study of tool use as the way for general estimation of cognitive abilities in animals] |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zh Obshch Biol |
| Volume |
67 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-22 |
| Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Cognition; Learning; Pattern Recognition, Physiological; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
Investigation of tool use is an effective way to determine cognitive abilities of animals. This approach raises hypotheses, which delineate limits of animal's competence in understanding of objects properties and interrelations and the influence of individual and social experience on their behaviour. On the basis of brief review of different models of manipulation with objects and tools manufacturing (detaching, subtracting and reshaping) by various animals (from elephants to ants) in natural conditions the experimental data concerning tool usage was considered. Tool behaviour of anumals could be observed rarely and its distribution among different taxons is rather odd. Recent studies have revealed that some species (for instance, bonobos and tamarins) which didn't manipulate tools in wild life appears to be an advanced tool users and even manufacturers in laboratory. Experimental studies of animals tool use include investigation of their ability to use objects physical properties, to categorize objects involved in tool activity by its functional properties, to take forces affecting objects into account, as well as their capacity of planning their actions. The crucial question is whether animals can abstract general principles of relations between objects regardless of the exact circumstances, or they develop specific associations between concerete things and situations. Effectiveness of laboratory methods is estimated in the review basing on comparative studies of tool behaviour, such as “support problem”, “stick problem”, “tube- and tube-trap problem”, and “reserve tube problem”. Levels of social learning, the role of imprinting, and species-specific predisposition to formation of specific domains are discussed. Experimental investigation of tool use allows estimation of the individuals' intelligence in populations. A hypothesis suggesting that strong predisposition to formation of specific associations can serve as a driving force and at the same time as obstacle to animals' activity is discussed. In several “technically gifted” species (such as woodpecker finches, New Caledonian crows, and chimpanzees) tool use seems to be guided by a rapid process of trial and error learning. Individuals that are predisposed to learn specific connections do this too quickly and thus become enslaved by stereotypic solutions of raising problems. |
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Russian |
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0044-4596 |
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| Notes |
PMID:16521567 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2857 |
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| Author |
Reid, P.J.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
| Title |
Detection of cryptic prey: search image or search rate? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
18 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
273-286 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences/psychology; *Imagination; *Mental Recall; *Predatory Behavior |
| Abstract |
Animals' improvement in capturing cryptic prey with experience has long been attributed to a perceptual mechanism, the specific search image. Detection could also be improved by adjusting rate of search. In a series of studies using both naturalistic and operant search tasks, pigeons searched for wheat, dyed to produce 1 conspicuous and 2 equally cryptic prey types. Contrary to the predictions of the search-rate hypothesis, pigeons given a choice between the 2 cryptic types took the type experienced most recently. However, experience with 1 cryptic type improved accuracy on the other cryptic type, a result inconsistent with a search image specific to 1 prey type. Search image may better be thought of as priming of attention to those features of the prey type that best distinguish the prey from the background. |
| Address |
University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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English |
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0097-7403 |
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| Notes |
PMID:1619395 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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381 |
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