| Records |
| Author |
Lonon, A.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Transfer of value from S+ to S- in simultaneous discriminations in humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal  |
Am J Psychol |
| Volume |
112 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21-39 |
| Keywords |
Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; *Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; *Transfer (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
When animals learn a simultaneous discrimination, some of the value of the positive stimulus (S+) appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (S-). The present experiments demonstrate that such value transfer can also be found in humans. In Experiment 1 humans were trained on 2 simple simultaneous discriminations, the first between a highly positive stimulus, A (1,000 points); and a negative stimulus, B (0 points); and the second between a less positive stimulus, C (100 points); and a negative stimulus, D (0 points). On test trials, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiments 2 and 3 the value of the 2 original discriminations was equated in training (A[100]B[0] and C[100]D[0]). In Experiment 2 the values of the positive stimuli were then altered (A[1,000]C[0]); again, most participants preferred B over D. In Experiment 3, however, when the values of B and D were altered (B[1,000]D[0]), participants were indifferent to A and C. Thus, the mechanism that underlies value transfer in humans appears to be related to Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Similar mechanisms may be involved in assimilation processes in social contexts. |
| Address |
University of Kentucky, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0002-9556 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:10696277 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
249 |
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| Author |
Hogan, D.E.; Zentall, T.R.; Pace, G. |
| Title |
Control of pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by differential sample response requirements |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1983 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
| Volume |
96 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
37-49 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Association; *Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Time Factors |
| Abstract |
Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice. |
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English |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0002-9556 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:6859346 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
265 |
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| Author |
Nallan, G.B.; Pace, G.M.; McCoy, D.F.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Temporal parameters of the feature positive effect |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1979 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
| Volume |
92 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
703-710 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; *Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Male; *Time Perception |
| Abstract |
Trial duration and intertrial interval duration were parametrically varied between groups of pigeons exposed to a discrimination involving the presence vs. the absence of a dot. Half the groups received the dot as the positive stimulus (feature positive groups) and half the groups received the dot as the negative stimulus (feature negative groups). Faster learning by the feature positive birds (feature positive effect) was found when the trial duration was short (5 sec) regardless of whether the intertrial interval was short (5 sec) or long (30 sec). No evidence for a feature positive effect was found when the trial duration was long (30 sec) regardless of the length of the intertrial interval (30 sec or 180 sec). The results suggest that short trial duration is a necessary condition for the occurrence of the feature positive effect, and neither intertrial interval nor trial duration/intertrial interval ratio are important for its occurrence. The suggestion that mechanisms underlying the feature positive effect and autoshaping might be similar was not supported by the present experiment since the trial duration/intertrial interval ration parameter appears to play an important role in autoshaping but not the feature positive effect. |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0002-9556 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:532834 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
269 |
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| Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Seres, M. |
| Title |
Propagation of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume |
43 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
339-346 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Family Relations; Female; *Grooming; Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
A grooming posture previously reported for two wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) communities developed spontaneously in a captive group of the same species. This offered a unique opportunity to follow the propagation of a new social custom. The posture consists of two partners grasping hands--either both right hands or both left hands--and raising the arms in an A-frame above their heads while mutually grooming with their free hands. The propagation of this pattern was followed over a 5 year period. In the beginning, handclasps were always initiated by the same adult female. This female initiated the posture mainly with her adult female kin. In subsequent years, these relatives became frequent participants in the posture with each other as well as with nonrelatives. Over the years the posture increased in frequency and duration and spread to the majority of adults and also to a few adolescents and older juveniles. The pattern persisted after removal of the apparent originator. |
| Address |
Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0275-2565 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:9403098 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
202 |
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| Author |
Coleman, K.; Tully, L.A.; McMillan, J.L. |
| Title |
Temperament correlates with training success in adult rhesus macaques |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume |
65 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
63-71 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Female; *Inhibition (Psychology); *Learning; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Reinforcement (Psychology); *Temperament |
| Abstract |
In recent years there has been a marked increase in awareness of issues involving the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates (NHPs) used in biomedical research. As a result, many facilities are starting to train primates to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary, husbandry, and research procedures, such as remaining still for blood draws or injections. Such training generally reduces the stress associated with these procedures, resulting in calmer animals and, ultimately, better research models. However, such training requires great investments in time, and there can be vast individual differences in training success. Some animals learn tasks quickly, while others make slower progress in training. In this study, we examined whether temperament, as measured by response to a novel food object, correlated with the amount of time it took to train 20 adult female rhesus macaques to perform a simple task. The monkeys were categorized as “exploratory” (i.e., inspected a novel object placed in the home cage within 10 sec), “moderate” (i.e., inspected the object within 10-180 sec), or “inhibited” (i.e., did not inspect the object within 3 min). We utilized positive reinforcement techniques to train the monkeys to touch a target (PVC pipe shaped like an elbow) hung on their cage. Temperament correlated with training success in this study (Pearson chi2=7.22, df=2, P=0.03). We easily trained over 75% of the animals that inspected the novel food (i.e., exploratory or moderate individuals) to touch the target. However, only 22% of the inhibited monkeys performed the task. By knowing which animals may not respond to conventional training methods, we may be able to develop alternate training techniques to address their specific needs. In addition, these results will allow us to screen monkeys to be assigned to research projects in which they will be trained, with the goal of obtaining the best candidates for those studies. |
| Address |
Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA. colemank@ohsu.edu |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0275-2565 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:15645460 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4112 |
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| Author |
Schwartz, B.L.; Evans, S. |
| Title |
Episodic memory in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
| Volume |
55 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
71-85 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; Hominidae/*psychology; Humans; *Memory; Self Concept |
| Abstract |
Episodic memory refers to a system of memory with the capacity to recollect specific events from an individual's life. Some psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon. We challenge that idea and present evidence that great apes and other primates may possess episodic-like memory. We review criteria developed to assess episodic-like memory in nonhumans, and how they apply to primates. In particular, we discuss the criteria of Clayton et al. [2001], who stated that episodic-like memory is based on the retrieval of multiple and integrated components of an event. We then review eight studies examining memory in great apes and apply the Clayton et al. criteria to each of them. We summarize the evidence that is compatible with the existence of episodic-like memory, although none of the data completely satisfy the Clayton et al. criteria. Morover, feelings of pastness and feelings of confidence, which mark episodic memory in humans, have not been empirically addressed in nonhuman primates. Future studies should be directed at these aspects of memory in primates. We speculate on the functional significance of episodic memory in nonhuman primates. |
| Address |
Dept of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. SchwartB@fiu.edu |
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English |
Summary Language |
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0275-2565 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:11668526 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4115 |
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| Author |
Akins, C.K.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the bidirectional control procedure |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal learning & behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Learn Behav |
| Volume |
30 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
275-281 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Behavior, Animal; Coturnix; *Discrimination Learning; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Smell |
| Abstract |
In the bidirectional control procedure, observers are exposed to a conspecific demonstrator responding to a manipulandum in one of two directions (e.g., left vs. right). This procedure controls for socially mediated effects (the mere presence of a conspecific) and stimulus enhancement (attention drawn to a manipulandum by its movement), and it has the added advantage of being symmetrical (the two different responses are similar in topography). Imitative learning is demonstrated when the observers make the response in the direction that they observed it being made. Recently, however, it has been suggested that when such evidence is found with a predominantly olfactory animal, such as the rat, it may result artifactually from odor cues left on one side of the manipulandum by the demonstrator. In the present experiment, we found that Japanese quail, for which odor cues are not likely to play a role, also showed significant correspondence between the direction in which the demonstrator and the observer push a screen to gain access to reward. Furthermore, control quail that observed the screen move, when the movement of the screen was not produced by the demonstrator, did not show similar correspondence between the direction of screen movement observed and that performed by the observer. Thus, with the appropriate control, the bidirectional procedure appears to be useful for studying imitation in avian species. |
| Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0090-4996 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:12391793 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
239 |
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| Author |
Griffin, A.S. |
| Title |
Social learning in Indian mynahs, Acridotheres tristis: the role of distress calls |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
79-89 |
| Keywords |
Acridotheres tristis; distress vocalizations; head saccades; Indian mynah; predator avoidance learning; social learning |
| Abstract |
Socially acquired predator avoidance is a phenomenon in which individuals acquire an avoidance response towards an initially neutral stimulus after they have experienced it together with the antipredator signals of social companions. Earlier research has established that alarm calls used for intraspecific communication are effective stimuli for triggering acquisition. However, animals produce a large range of other antipredator responses that might engage antipredator learning. Here, I examine the effects of conspecific distress calls, a signal that is produced by birds when restrained by a predator, and that appears to be directed towards predators, rather than conspecifics, on predator avoidance learning in Indian mynahs, Acridotheres tristis. Distress calls reflect high levels of alarm in the caller and should, therefore, mediate robust learning. Experiment 1 revealed that subjects performed higher rates of head movements in response to a previously unfamiliar avian mount after it had been presented simultaneously with playbacks of conspecific distress vocalizations. Experiment 2 revealed that increased rates of head saccades resembled the spontaneous response evoked by a novel stimulus more closely than it resembled the response evoked by a perched raptor, suggesting that distress calls inculcated a visual exploratory response, rather than an antipredator response. While it is usually thought that the level of acquisition in learners follows a simple relationship with the level of alarm shown by demonstrators, the present results suggest that this relationship may be more complex. Antipredator signals with different functions may have differential effects on learners. |
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0003-3472 |
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Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4696 |
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| Author |
Dawson, B.V.; Foss, B.M. |
| Title |
Observational learning in budgerigars |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1965 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
470-474 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; Birds; *Learning |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2991 |
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| Author |
Cowley, J.J.; Griesel, R.D. |
| Title |
The effect on growth and behaviour of rehabilitating first and second generation low protein rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1966 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
506-517 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Diet Therapy; Dietary Proteins; Female; *Growth; Humans; Intelligence; Learning; Male; Mental Retardation/etiology; Protein Deficiency/*therapy; Rats |
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English |
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0003-3472 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:6008473 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4119 |
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