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| Author |
Lansade, L.; Bouissou, M.-F. |
| Title |
Reactivity to humans: A temperament trait of horses which is stable across time and situations |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume |
114 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
492-508 |
| Keywords |
Horse; Equus caballus; Reactivity to humans; Temperament trait; Personality; Behavioural consistency |
| Abstract |
The aim of this study was to test the existence of a “reactivity-to-humans” trait which is stable over time and across situations. For this purpose, four test situations were repeated on the same animals at 8 months, 1.5 years (N = 110 horses) and 2.5 years of age (N = 54 horses). These situations involved a “familiar passive human test” during which a familiar person stayed motionless in the test pen, a “familiar active human test” and an “unfamiliar active human test” during which a familiar or unfamiliar person attempted to touch the horse, and a “halter-fitting and heart-rate measurement test”, during which the horse was haltered and equipped with a surcingle and then had its heart-rate measured. Many behavioural variables were recorded during the tests, and correlations between ages and variables measured during other situations were investigated. When correlations were found, we concluded that the variables corresponded to temperament traits which are stable over time and across situations. The horses tested were divided into four groups according to breed (Anglo-Arab and Welsh) and year of birth (2001 and 2002). Data for each group were analysed separately with Spearman rank correlations. Regarding stability over time, there was a strong correlation between ages in the frequency of licking/nibbling the passive human, the time taken by a familiar or unfamiliar person to touch the horse, and the time taken to fit a halter (e.g. the time taken to touch the horse's muzzle was significantly correlated between ages in 7 out of the 8 possible cases: 0.40 <= R <= 0.67). Regarding stability across situations, results indicate that the more frequently a horse sniffed, licked or nibbled a passive human, the easier it was for either a familiar or unfamiliar active human to touch and halter it. Moreover, a horse which could be touched easily by a familiar human could also be touched and haltered easily by an unfamiliar human. These behaviours, which are linked directly to humans, therefore indicate good stability over time and across situations. In conclusion, this stability suggests the existence of a “reactivity-to-humans” temperament trait, whether the human is passive or active, familiar or unfamiliar. When the animals do not have frequent contact with humans, this reactivity is stable over time and can be measured as early as 8 months of age using the behavioural variables cited above. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4710 |
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| Author |
Sankey, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Henry, S.; Fureix, C.; Nassur, F.; Hausberger, M. |
| Title |
Reinforcement as a mediator of the perception of humans by horses (Equus caballus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
753-764-764 |
| Keywords |
Perception of humans – Human/animal relationship – Positive reinforcement – Negative reinforcement – Equus caballus |
| Abstract |
A central question in the interspecific human/animal relationship is how domestic animals perceive humans as a significant element of their environment. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the use of positive or negative reinforcement in horse training may have consequences on the animals’ perception of humans, as a positive, negative or neutral element. Two groups of ponies were trained to walk backwards in response to a vocal order using either positive or negative reinforcement. Heart rate monitors and behavioural observations were used to assess the animals’ perception of humans on the short (just after training) and long (5 months later) terms. The results showed that the type of reinforcement had a major effect on the subsequent animals’ perception of familiar and unfamiliar humans. Negative reinforcement was rapidly associated with an increased emotional state, as revealed by heart rate measurements and behavioural observations (head movements and ears laid back position). Its use led the ponies to seek less contact with humans. On the contrary, ponies trained with positive reinforcement showed an increased interest in humans and sought contact after training. This is especially remarkable as it was reached in a maximum of 5 sessions of 1 to 3 min (i.e. 5 to 15 min) and had lasting effects (visible after 5 months). Even learning was positively influenced by positive reinforcement. Overall, horses seem capable of associating humans to particular experiences and display extended long-term memory abilities. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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1435-9448 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5175 |
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| Author |
Lampe, J.F.; Andre, J. |
| Title |
Cross-modal recognition of human individuals in domestic horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
623-630 |
| Keywords |
Cross-modal; Recognition of humans; Horse; Equus caballus; Human–horse interaction; Animal cognition; Visual recognition; Auditory recognition; Voice discrimination; Interspecific |
| Abstract |
This study has shown that domestic horses are capable of cross-modal recognition of familiar humans. It was demonstrated that horses are able to discriminate between the voices of a familiar and an unfamiliar human without seeing or smelling them at the same moment. Conversely, they were able to discriminate the same persons when only exposed to their visual and olfactory cues, without being stimulated by their voices. A cross-modal expectancy violation setup was employed; subjects were exposed both to trials with incongruent auditory and visual/olfactory identity cues and trials with congruent cues. It was found that subjects responded more quickly, longer and more often in incongruent trials, exhibiting heightened interest in unmatched cues of identity. This suggests that the equine brain is able to integrate multisensory identity cues from a familiar human into a person representation that allows the brain, when deprived of one or two senses, to maintain recognition of this person. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5698 |
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| Author |
Méary, D.; Li, Z.; Li, W.; Guo, K.; Pascalis, O. |
| Title |
Seeing two faces together: preference formation in humans and rhesus macaques |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2014 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
1-13 |
| Keywords |
Humans; Rhesus macaques; Preferences; Faces; Eye-tracking |
| Abstract |
Humans, great apes and old world monkeys show selective attention to faces depending on conspecificity, familiarity, and social status supporting the view that primates share similar face processing mechanisms. Although many studies have been done on face scanning strategy in monkeys and humans, the mechanisms influencing viewing preference have received little attention. To determine how face categories influence viewing preference in humans and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), we performed two eye-tracking experiments using a visual preference task whereby pairs of faces from different species were presented simultaneously. The results indicated that viewing time was significantly influenced by the pairing of the face categories. Humans showed a strong bias towards an own-race face in an Asian–Caucasian condition. Rhesus macaques directed more attention towards non-human primate faces when they were paired with human faces, regardless of the species. When rhesus faces were paired with faces from Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) or chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the novel species’ faces attracted more attention. These results indicate that monkeys’ viewing preferences, as assessed by a visual preference task, are modulated by several factors, species and dominance being the most influential. |
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5790 |
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| Author |
Massen, J.; Sterck, E.; de Vos, H. |
| Title |
Close social associations in animals and humans: functions and mechanisms of friendship |
Type |
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| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
147 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
1379 |
| Keywords |
Both humans and group-living animals associate and behave affiliatively more with some individuals than others. Human friendship has long been acknowledged, and recently scientists studying animal behaviour have started using the term friendship for close social associates in animals. Yet, while biologists describe friends as social tools to enhance fitness, social scientists describe human friendship as unconditional. We investigate whether these different descriptions reflect true differences in human friendship and animal close social associations or are a by-product of different research approaches: namely social scientists focussing on proximate and biologists on ultimate explanations. We first stress the importance of similar measures to determine close social associations, thereafter examine their ultimate benefits and proximate motivations, and discuss the latest findings on the central-neural regulation of social bonds. We conclude that both human friendship and animal close social associations are ultimately beneficial. On the proximate level, motivations for friendship in humans and for close social associations in animals are not necessarily based on benefits and are often unconditional. Moreover, humans share with many animals a similar physiological basis of sociality. Therefore, biologists and social scientist describe the same phenomenon, and the use of the term friendship for animals seems justified. |
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Both humans and group-living animals associate and behave affiliatively more with some individuals than others. Human friendship has long been acknowledged, and recently scientists studying animal behaviour have started using the term friendship for close social associates in animals. Yet, while biologists describe friends as social tools to enhance fitness, social scientists describe human friendship as unconditional. We investigate whether these different descriptions reflect true differences in human friendship and animal close social associations or are a by-product of different research approaches: namely social scientists focussing on proximate and biologists on ultimate explanations. We first stress the importance of similar measures to determine close social associations, thereafter examine their ultimate benefits and proximate motivations, and discuss the latest findings on the central-neural regulation of social bonds. We conclude that both human friendship and animal close social associations are ultimately beneficial. On the proximate level, motivations for friendship in humans and for close social associations in animals are not necessarily based on benefits and are often unconditional. Moreover, humans share with many animals a similar physiological basis of sociality. Therefore, biologists and social scientist describe the same phenomenon, and the use of the term friendship for animals seems justified. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5813 |
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| Author |
Birch, H.G. |
| Title |
The relation of previous experience to insightful problem-solving |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1945 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
38 |
Issue |
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Pages |
367-383 |
| Keywords |
Humans; *Problem Solving; *Psychology, Comparative; *PSYCHOLOGY/comparative |
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0021-9940 |
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PMID:21010765 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6554 |
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| Author |
Heitkamp, H.C.; Horstmann, T.; Hillgeris, D. |
| Title |
[Riding injuries and injuries due to handling horses in experienced riders] |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Der Unfallchirurg |
Abbreviated Journal |
Unfallchirurg |
| Volume |
101 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
122-128 |
| Keywords |
Adult; Animals; Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology/etiology/surgery; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Fractures, Bone/epidemiology/etiology/surgery; Germany/epidemiology; *Horses; Humans; Incidence; Male; Multiple Trauma/epidemiology/etiology/surgery; Risk Factors |
| Abstract |
A group of experienced riders who qualified for the German riding badge 9.5 years ago answered a questionnaire pertaining to injuries during jumping, dressage and cross-country riding, as well as handling the horse. During riding 69% of the persons had had 187 injuries and while handling the horse 52% had had 124 injuries. Fractures and contusions were the most-frequent injuries; most riding injuries were located in the upper extremities and shoulder while handling mainly in the hands and feet. The number of injuries was comparable in jumping, dressage or cross-country riding. The time engaged in jumping was about one-third of the other types of riding, but the injuries were more severe. While handling the horse the number of injuries relative to the time spent during the activity were higher but less complicated. No change in safety precautions had been implemented by 67% of the persons injured. The injury rate for equestrians is relatively low both in handling the horse and during riding. The frequent fractures and contusions may be reduced by following the required safety regulations. |
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Abteilung Sportmedizin, Universitat Tubingen |
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German |
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Original Title |
Reitverletzungen und Verletzungen beim Umgang mit Pferden bei erfahrenen Reitern |
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Edition |
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0177-5537 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:9553480 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3735 |
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Dauphin, G.; Zientara, S.; Zeller, H.; Murgue, B. |
| Title |
West Nile: worldwide current situation in animals and humans |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis |
| Volume |
27 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
343-355 |
| Keywords |
Americas/epidemiology; Animals; Birds/virology; Culex/*virology; *Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Europe/epidemiology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors/*virology; Middle East/epidemiology; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/*veterinary/virology; West Nile virus/*growth & development |
| Abstract |
West Nile (WN) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is native to Africa, Europe, and Western Asia. It mainly circulates among birds, but can infect many species of mammals, as well as amphibians and reptiles. Epidemics can occur in rural as well as urban areas. Transmission of WN virus, sometimes involving significant mortality in humans and horses, has been documented at erratic intervals in many countries, but never in the New World until it appeared in New York City in 1999. During the next four summers it spread with incredible speed to large portions of 46 US states, and to Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. In many respects, WN virus is an outstanding example of a zoonotic pathogen that has leaped geographical barriers and can cause severe disease in human and equine. In Europe, in the past two decades there have been a number of significant outbreaks in several countries. However, very little is known of the ecology and natural history of WN virus transmission in Europe and most WN outbreaks in humans and animals remain unpredictable and difficult to control. |
| Address |
AFSSA Alfort, UMR1161 (INRA-AFSSA-ENVA), 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP 63, 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0147-9571 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15225984 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2635 |
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Meyer, W.; Pakur, M. |
| Title |
[Remarks on the domestic dog as an object of instruction for the education of the developing child] |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
| Volume |
112 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
131-138 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Domestic; *Bonding, Human-Pet; Character; Child; *Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; *Dogs; Emotions; Empathy; Humans |
| Abstract |
Based on an intensive analysis of literature, the study summarizes problems involved in the significance of domesticated dogs as objects of instruction and assistants of the education of children. Several important topics are discussed in view of advances for children in families keeping dogs. Such topics are mainly related to a general socio-emotional level, the support of cognitive development and character formation. Further aspects are the acquisition of a sense of responsibility, and the development of self-confidence, a sense of social membership and security, as well as important attributes of character such as frankness, broad mindedness, and sympathetic understanding. Moreover, knowledge about the life cycle and functions of body organs can be conveyed, and the dog could, at least in part, substitute for brothers and sisters. Basically, positive attitudes towards animals in general, as well as nature and environment are supported. All topics are critically commented and considered to be realistic or not. The supporting role of parents, in particular, is emphasized. Parental commitment should include deep concern with the typical attributes of the dog breed desired, and optimal dog keeping conditions to prevent harm to the children. The final commentary lays special emphasis on negative features of domestication for a pet owner, and cautions against non-biological and illusionary ideas about domesticated animals. |
| Address |
Anatomisches Institut der Tierakztlichen Hochschule Hannover |
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German |
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Bemerkungen zum Haushund als Lehrobjekt und Erziehungshilfe fur das sich entwickelnde Kind |
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0005-9366 |
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| Notes |
PMID:10337055 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4155 |
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| Author |
Parker, S.T. |
| Title |
A general model for the adaptive function of self-knowledge in animals and humans |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
75-86 |
| Keywords |
*Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Awareness; Concept Formation; Evolution; Humans; Phylogeny; *Self Concept; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
This article offers a general definition of self-knowledge that embraces all forms and levels of self-knowledge in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that various levels of self-knowledge constitute an ordinal scale such that each species in a lineage displays the forms of self-knowledge found in related species as well as new forms it and its sister species may have evolved. Likewise, it is hypothesized that these various forms of levels of self-knowledge develop in the sequence in which they evolved. Finally, a general hypothesis for the functional significance of self-knowledge is proposed along with subhypotheses regarding the adaptive significance of various levels of self-knowledge in mammals including human and nonhuman primates. The general hypothesis is that self-knowledge serves as a standard for assessing the qualities of conspecifics compared to those of the self. Such assessment is crucial to deciding among alternative reproductive and subsistence strategies. The qualities that are assessed, which vary across taxa, range from the size and strength of the self to its mathematical or musical abilities. This so-called assessment model of self-knowledge is based on evolutionary biological models for social selection and the role of assessment in animal communication. |
| Address |
Anthropology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA. Parker@Sonoma.edu |
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English |
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1053-8100 |
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| Notes |
PMID:9170562 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4160 |
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