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Author | König von Borstel, U.; Euent, S.; Graf, P.; König, S.; Gauly, M. | ||||
Title | Equine behaviour and heart rate in temperament tests with or without rider or handler | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Physiology & Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Physiol. Behav. |
Volume | 104 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 454-463 |
Keywords | Equine; Temperament; Human–animal interaction; Horseback riding; Heart rate variability; Reactivity | ||||
Abstract | The aim of the present study was to compare horses' heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD, pNN50) and behaviour in the same temperament test when being ridden, led, and released free. Behavioural measurements included scores and linear measurements for reactivity (R), activity (A), time to calm down (T) and emotionality (E), recorded during the approach (1) and/or during confrontation with the stimulus (2). Sixty-five horses were each confronted 3 times (1 ridden, 1 led, 1 free running in balanced order) with 3 novel and/or sudden stimuli. Mixed model analysis indicated that leading resulted in the lowest (P < 0.05 throughout) reactions as measured by A1, A2, E1, E2, R2, and pNN50 while riding produced the strongest (A1, T2, HR, RMSSD, pNN50) or medium (E1, E2, R2) reactions. Free running resulted either in the strongest (A2, E1, E2, R2) or in the lowest (A1, T2, HR, RMSSD, pNN50) reactions. The repeatability across tests for HR (0.57), but not for RMSSD (0.23) or pNN50 (0.25) was higher than for any behavioural measurement: the latter ranged from values below 0.10 (A1, A2, T2) to values between 0.30 and 0.45 (E1, E2, R2). Overall, the results show that a rider or handler influences, but not completely masks, the horses' intrinsic behaviour in a temperament test, and this influence appeared to be stronger on behavioural variables and heart rate variability than on the horses' heart rates. Taking both practical considerations and repeatabilities into account, reactivity appears to be the most valuable parameter. Emotionality and heart rate can also yield valid results reflecting additional dimensions of temperament although their practical relevance may be less obvious. If a combination of observed variables is chosen with care, a valid assessment of a horse's temperament may be possible in all types of tests. However, in practice, tests that resemble the practical circumstances most closely, i.e. testing riding horses under a rider, should be chosen. | ||||
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ISSN | 0031-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5641 | ||
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Author | Tumova, B. | ||||
Title | Equine influenza--a segment in influenza virus ecology | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1980 | Publication | Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases | Abbreviated Journal | Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 45-59 |
Keywords | Animals; Antigens, Viral; Genes, Viral; Horse Diseases/*microbiology; Horses; Influenza A virus/immunology/pathogenicity/*physiology; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/*veterinary; Viral Proteins/analysis | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0147-9571 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:6258849 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2691 | ||
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Author | Robinson, H.C. | ||||
Title | Equine interspecies aggression | Type | |||
Year | 2007 | Publication | The Veterinary record | Abbreviated Journal | Vet. Rec. |
Volume | 160 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 244 |
Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Equidae; Horses/*physiology/*psychology | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0042-4900 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17308028 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1773 | |||
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Author | Huxley, J. | ||||
Title | Equine interspecies aggression | Type | |||
Year | 2006 | Publication | The Veterinary record | Abbreviated Journal | Vet. Rec. |
Volume | 159 | Issue | 25 | Pages | 860 |
Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses; Male; Sheep | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0042-4900 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17172489 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1776 | |||
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Author | Macholc, E.J.A. | ||||
Title | Equine interspecies aggression | Type | |||
Year | 2006 | Publication | The Veterinary record | Abbreviated Journal | Vet. Rec. |
Volume | 159 | Issue | 24 | Pages | 824 |
Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Chickens; Ducks; *Horses; Species Specificity | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0042-4900 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17158722 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1778 | |||
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Author | Giles, N.; Tupper, J. | ||||
Title | Equine interspecies aggression | Type | |||
Year | 2006 | Publication | The Veterinary record | Abbreviated Journal | Vet. Rec. |
Volume | 159 | Issue | 22 | Pages | 756 |
Keywords | Aggression/*physiology; Animals; Horses/*physiology; Sheep/*physiology; Social Dominance | ||||
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Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0042-4900 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:17127768 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1779 | |||
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Author | Murphy, J.; Arkins, S. | ||||
Title | Equine learning behaviour | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-13 |
Keywords | Horse; Behaviour; Learning; Processes; Memory | ||||
Abstract | Scientists and equestrians continually seek to achieve a clearer understanding of equine learning behaviour and its implications for training. Behavioural and learning processes in the horse are likely to influence not only equine athletic success but also the usefulness of the horse as a domesticated species. However given the status and commercial importance of the animal, equine learning behaviour has received only limited investigation. Indeed most experimental studies on equine cognitive function to date have addressed behaviour, learning and conceptualisation processes at a moderately basic cognitive level compared to studies in other species. It is however, likely that the horses with the greatest ability to learn and form/understand concepts are those, which are better equipped to succeed in terms of the human-horse relationship and the contemporary training environment. Within equitation generally, interpretation of the behavioural processes and training of the desired responses in the horse are normally attempted using negative reinforcement strategies. On the other hand, experimental designs to actually induce and/or measure equine learning rely almost exclusively on primary positive reinforcement regimes. Employing two such different approaches may complicate interpretation and lead to difficulties in identifying problematic or undesirable behaviours in the horse. The visual system provides the horse with direct access to immediate environmental stimuli that affect behaviour but vision in the horse is of yet not fully investigated or understood. Further investigations of the equine visual system will benefit our understanding of equine perception, cognitive function and the subsequent link with learning and training. More detailed comparative investigations of feral or free-ranging and domestic horses may provide useful evidence of attention, stress and motivational issues affecting behavioural and learning processes in the horse. The challenge for scientists is, as always, to design and commission experiments that will investigate and provide insight into these processes in a manner that withstands scientific scrutiny. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 629 | ||
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Author | Nicol, C. J. | ||||
Title | Equine learning: progress and suggestions for future research | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 78 | Issue | 2-4 | Pages | 193-208 |
Keywords | Learning; Horse; Equine; Discrimination; Training | ||||
Abstract | Horses are well able to form classical and instrumental associations and so the focus of much recent research has been on the stimulus control of instrumental learning. Horses appear to discriminate using spatial cues more easily than other stimulus features, as indicated both by the speed of initial task acquisition and by the extent to which acquired discriminations can be reversed. Phenomena associated with discrimination learning in laboratory animals, including generalisation and peak shift, have been demonstrated in horses. However, the ability of horses to classify stimuli into categories is more controversial. Although there is some evidence that horses may be able to form categories based on similarities in the physical appearance of different stimuli, there is currently no evidence that they are able to develop abstract concepts. Their performance on social learning tasks has also been poor. Few correlations are observed between the learning ability of individual horses on different tasks, suggesting that it may not be possible to classify individual horses as `good' or `poor' learners. Better learning performance by horses that are naturally calm is probably due to reduced interference in the learning process. Correct handling procedures can lower reactivity levels in horses, and may facilitate learning in some circumstances. Future research on equine learning needs to take into account the complex nature of equine social interaction. Studies on the effects of stress on learning, and on social and spatial cognition, are also particularly needed. | ||||
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Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 405 | ||
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Author | Sackman, J.E.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
Title | Equine Personality: Association with Breed, Use and Husbandry Factors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2018 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | Horse; Personality; Behavior; Breed; Use; Survey | ||||
Abstract | Abstract Temperament can be defined as innate properties of the nervous system whereas personality includes the complex behavioral traits acquired through life. Association between personality and behavior is important for breeding, selection, and training of horses. For the first time, we evaluated if equine personality components previously identified in Japan and Europe were consistent when applied to American horses. We examined the association of personality with breed, age, sex, management, training, stereotypies and misbehaviors. Materials and Methods The owner directed personality survey consisted of 25 questions. An online version of the survey was created. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to associate behavioral traits with personality components. Factor analysis with orthogonal transformation was performed on scores for personality related questions. Results 847 survey responses were used. Quarter horses, “other” breed and Thoroughbred were the most common breeds. Three principal personality components were extracted as each behavioral trait belonged to one of these three components. Arabians, Thoroughbreds, Saddlebreds and Walking horses were the most nervous and Quarter horses, Paints, Appaloosas and Drafts were the least nervous. No trained discipline was significantly associated with any personality component. There were no significant associations between stereotypies and misbehaviors and nervous or curious personality. Conclusions For the first time in predominantly American horses, we have evaluated personality components and their association with breed, age, sex, training discipline and stereotypies. We refute links between personality and trained discipline and confirm the lack of association between nervous personality and stereotypies and misbehaviors. |
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ISSN | 0737-0806 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6426 | ||
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Author | McCall, C.A.; Salters, M.A.; Johnson, K.B.; Silverman, S.J.; McElhenney, W.H.; Lishak, R.S. | ||||
Title | Equine utilization of a previously learned visual stimulus to solve a novel task | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
Volume | 82 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 163-172 |
Keywords | Horse; Learned stimulus; Novel task; Discrimination | ||||
Abstract | Forty-four horses were used to determine if a learned stimulus could be used to increase acquisition of a response unrelated to the original learned task. Horses were paired by age, breed and sex. One randomly chosen horse from each pair served as the control while the remaining horse was trained to respond to a visual stimulus by pushing a lever to obtain a food reward. In Experiment I (n=28), the food reward was delivered in a feed box located equidistant between two levers located 2.7 m apart on one wall of the test stall. Trained horses were given 30 training trials daily until they achieved at least 85% correct responses in three nonconsecutive days. After each trained horse reached criterion, both horses in the pair were tested in 30 trials daily for five consecutive days in a modified Y maze. The stimulus that indicated the correct lever in the initial training task was used to signify the correct arm of the maze for both the control and trained horses. The correct arm of the maze was changed randomly during each daily session, and correct choices resulted in a food reward. In Experiment II (n=16), levers were located on opposite walls (11 m apart) of the test stall, and the stimulus and modified Y maze were simplified. Trained horses received 15 training trials daily until they reached at least 85% correct responses on three consecutive days. As each trained horse achieved this criterion, both horses in the pair were tested in a maze for 15 trials daily for 7 days. Again, the stimulus from initial lever-pressing task was used to signify the rewarded arm of the maze. Correct choices of trained and control horses in both experiments were compared using a paired t-test. In Experiment I, no differences (P>0.34) in mean correct responses were detected between trained and control horses on the first day in the maze (15.3 and 16.8, respectively) or after 5 days in the maze (84.0 and 82.1, respectively). Similarly, in Experiment II, trained and control horses did not differ (P>0.50) in mean correct responses on the first day (6.9 and 7.4, respectively) or after 7 days in the maze (63.6 and 61.6, respectively). These results indicate that the stimuli used to solve the lever-pressing task were not utilized by horses in the maze task, and that horses may have difficulty transferring learned visual stimuli to new tasks. | ||||
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Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3587 | ||
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