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| Author | Uzawa, T.; Akiyama, S.; Kimura, T.; Takahashi, S.; Ishimori, K.; Morishima, I.; Fujisawa, T. | ||||
| Title | Collapse and search dynamics of apomyoglobin folding revealed by submillisecond observations of alpha-helical content and compactness | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 101 | Issue  |
5 | Pages | 1171-1176 |
| Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Circular Dichroism; Cytochromes c/chemistry; Horses; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; *Protein Structure, Secondary; Scattering, Radiation | ||||
| Abstract | The characterization of protein folding dynamics in terms of secondary and tertiary structures is important in elucidating the features of intraprotein interactions that lead to specific folded structures. Apomyoglobin (apoMb), possessing seven helices termed A-E, G, and H in the native state, has a folding intermediate composed of the A, G, and H helices, whose formation in the submillisecond time domain has not been clearly characterized. In this study, we used a rapid-mixing device combined with circular dichroism and small-angle x-ray scattering to observe the submillisecond folding dynamics of apoMb in terms of helical content (f(H)) and radius of gyration (R(g)), respectively. The folding of apoMb from the acid-unfolded state at pH 2.2 was initiated by a pH jump to 6.0. A significant collapse, corresponding to approximately 50% of the overall change in R(g) from the unfolded to native conformation, was observed within 300 micros after the pH jump. The collapsed intermediate has a f(H) of 33% and a globular shape that involves >80% of all its atoms. Subsequently, a stepwise helix formation was detected, which was interpreted to be associated with a conformational search for the correct tertiary contacts. The characterized folding dynamics of apoMb indicates the importance of the initial collapse event, which is suggested to facilitate the subsequent conformational search and the helix formation leading to the native structure. | ||||
| Address | Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:14711991 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3779 | ||
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| Author | Gilmanshin, R.; Callender, R.H.; Dyer, R.B. | ||||
| Title | The core of apomyoglobin E-form folds at the diffusion limit | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Nature Structural Biology | Abbreviated Journal | Nat Struct Biol |
| Volume | 5 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 363-365 |
| Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Diffusion; Horses; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature | ||||
| Abstract | The E-form of apomyoglobin has been characterized using infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies, revealing a compact core with native like contacts, most probably consisting of 15-20 residues of the A, G and H helices of apomyoglobin. Fast temperature-jump, time-resolved infrared measurements reveal that the core is formed within 96 micros at 46 degrees C, close to the diffusion limit for loop formation. Remarkably, the folding pathway of the E-form is such that the formation of a limited number of native-like contacts is not rate limiting, or that the contacts form on the same time scale expected for diffusion controlled loop formation. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1072-8368 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:9586997 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3795 | ||
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| Author | Dyson, H.J.; Beattie, J.K. | ||||
| Title | Spin state and unfolding equilibria of ferricytochrome c in acidic solutions | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication | The Journal of Biological Chemistry | Abbreviated Journal | J Biol Chem |
| Volume | 257 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 2267-2273 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Cytochrome c Group; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Heme; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Ligands; Myocardium; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Spectrophotometry; Temperature | ||||
| Abstract | Equilibrium, stopped flow, and temperature-jump spectrophotometry have been used to identify processes in the unfolding of ferricytochrome c in acidic aqueous solutions. A relaxation occurring in approximately 100 microseconds involves perturbation of a spin-equilibrium between two folded conformers of the protein with methionine-80 coordinated or dissociated from the heme iron. The protein unfolds more slowly, in milliseconds, with dissociation and protonation of histidine-18. These two transitions appear cooperative in equilibrium measurements at low (0.01 M) ionic strength, but are separated at higher (0.10 M) ionic strength. They are resolved under both conditions in the dynamic measurements. The spin-equilibrium description permits a unified explanation of a number of properties of ferricytochrome c in acidic aqueous solutions. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0021-9258 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:6277891 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3807 | ||
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| Author | Robert, C.; Valette, J.P.; Denoix, J.M. | ||||
| Title | The effects of treadmill inclination and speed on the activity of three trunk muscles in the trotting horse | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J |
| Volume | 33 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 466-472 |
| Keywords | Animals; Biomechanics; Electromyography/methods/veterinary; Exercise Test/veterinary; Gait/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rectus Abdominis/physiology; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of speed and slope on the activity of trunk muscles. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the splenius (Sp), longissimus dorsi (LD) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles was recorded with surface electrodes during treadmill locomotion at trot for different combinations of speed (3.5 to 6 m/s) and slope (0 to 6%). Raw EMG signals were processed to determine activity duration, onset and end and integrated EMG (IEMG). For the 3 muscles investigated, onset and end of activity were obtained earlier in the stride cycle when speed increased. A longer duration of activity for the LD, a shorter duration for the RA and an unchanged duration for the Sp were also observed. The IEMG of the latter was poorly affected by speed, whereas it increased linearly with speed for the 2 other muscles. When treadmill inclination changed from 0 to 6%, EMG activity of the LD and RA began and ended later; a longer activity duration was noted. Temporal parameters for Sp did not change with slope. A significant and progressive increase in the IEMG of the 3 muscles was observed with increasing slope. This evaluation of the activity of trunk muscles provides objective data for the use of speed or slope in training programmes. | ||||
| Address | UMR INRA-DGER, Biomecanique et Pathalogie Locomotrice du Cheval, UP Anatomie, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0425-1644 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:11558741 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4052 | ||
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| Author | Cameron, E.Z.; Linklater, W.L.; Stafford, K.J.; Minot, E.O. | ||||
| Title | Maternal investment results in better foal condition through increased play behaviour in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 76 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 1511-1518 |
| Keywords | Equus caballus; feral horse; maternal investment; play | ||||
| Abstract | Play behaviour is widespread in mammals, but benefits to play have been difficult to demonstrate. Physical training is one of the many proposed hypotheses, suggesting that males and females should play differently, that increased maternal investment should lead to increases in play, and that increases in play should result in physical advantages. In a population of feral horses, Equus caballus, males and females did not differ in their play behaviour except that males initiated more of their play bouts than females. Maternal condition influenced play behaviour only in males, with sons of mothers in good condition playing more. However, when we controlled for maternal effects by comparing a son and a daughter of the same mother, daughters played more when their mother was in poor condition and sons played more when their mother was in good condition. Mothers of foals that played more lost more condition. Therefore, the difference in play behaviour could not be explained by offspring sex or maternal condition alone, but play behaviour mirrored variation in maternal investment. In addition, those individuals that played more survived better and had better body condition as yearlings despite weaning earlier. Since increased activity has been linked to enhanced musculoskeletal development in domestic horses, we suggest that play provides a link between increased maternal investment, increased body condition and future reproductive success in feral horses, and probably in other species. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4709 | ||
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| Author | Verrill, S.; McDonnell, S. | ||||
| Title | Equal Outcomes with and without Human-to-Horse Eye Contact When Catching Horses and Ponies in an Open Pasture | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Equine Veterinary Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 28 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 309-312 |
| Keywords | Horse handling; Horse management; Eye contact; Interspecies interactions; Equine behavior | ||||
| Abstract | Each of 104 horses and ponies was approached for catching at pasture by the same human handler in a standard manner, either maintaining human-to-animal eye contact (EC+; n = 51) or avoiding eye contact (EC-; n = 53). A subset of 74 of these subjects were reevaluated 3 weeks later under similar standard conditions except with the eye contact condition opposite to that used in the first round. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to evaluate between subjects (round 1, n = 104) and within subjects (rounds 1 and 2, n = 74) comparisons of successful or unsuccessful catching outcome with EC+ and EC-. Catching outcomes were similar with eye contact condition. Although this study represents a single handler at one study site, results suggest that human-to-horse eye contact may not be an important influence on catching pastured horses. Certainly, further work is needed to better understand the role of eye contact in horse handling. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0737-0806 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4711 | ||
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| Author | Albright, J.D.; Mohammed, H.O.; Heleski, C.R.; Wickens, C.L.; Houpt, K.A. | ||||
| Title | Crib-biting in US horses: Breed predispositions and owner perceptions of aetiology | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 41 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 455-458 |
| Keywords | HORSE; BEHAVIOUR; CRIB-BITING; BREED PREVALENCE; LEARNING | ||||
| Abstract | Reasons for performing study: Crib-biting is an equine stereotypy that may result in diseases such as colic. Certain breeds and management factors have been associated. Objectives: To determine: breed prevalence of crib-biting in US horses; the likelihood that one horse learns to crib-bite from another; and owner perceptions of causal factors. Methods: An initial postal survey queried the number and breed of crib-biting horses and if a horse began after being exposed to a horse with this habit. In a follow-up survey, a volunteer subset of owners was asked the number of affected and nonaffected horses of each breed and the extent of conspecific contact. The likelihood of crib-biting given breed and extent of contact was quantified using odds ratio (OR) and significance of the association was assessed using the Chi-squared test. Results: Overall prevalence was 4.4%. Thoroughbreds were the breed most affected (13.3%). Approximately half of owners believed environmental factors predominantly cause the condition (54.4%) and crib-biting is learned by observation (48.8%). However, only 1.0% of horses became affected after being exposed to a crib-biter. The majority (86%) of horses was turned out in the same pasture with other horses and extent of contact with conspecifics was not statistically related to risk. Conclusion: This is the first study to report breed prevalence for crib-biting in US horses. Thoroughbreds were the breed more likely to be affected. More owners believed either environmental conditions were a predominant cause or a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the behaviour. Only a small number of horses reportedly began to crib-bite after being exposed to an affected individual, but approximately half of owners considered it to be a learned behaviour; most owners did not isolate affected horses. Potential relevance: Genetic predisposition, not just intensive management conditions and surroundings, may be a factor in the high crib-biting prevalence in some breeds, and warrants further investigation. Little evidence exists to suggest horses learn the behaviour from other horses, and isolation may cause unnecessary stress. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5010 | ||
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| Author | Uller, C.; Lewis, J. | ||||
| Title | Horses (Equus caballus) select the greater of two quantities in small numerical contrasts | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 12 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 733-738 |
| Keywords | Quantity representation – Horses – Number discrimination | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract The ability to select the greater numerosity over another in small sets seems to stem from the calculation of which set contains more, and has been taken as evidence of a primordial representation at the roots of the primate numerical system. We tested 56 horses (Equus caballus) in a paradigm previously used with human infants and nonhuman primates. Horses saw two quantities paired in contrasts—2 versus 1, 3 versus 2, 6 versus 4 and a control for volume, 2 versus 1 big—and had to make a choice by snout touching the container holding the numerosity selected. The horses spontaneously selected the greater of the two quantities when the numerosities were small. These results add to evidence showing spontaneous quantity assessment in a variety of species. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5028 | ||
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| Author | Scheidhacker, M.; Bender, W.; Vaitl, P. | ||||
| Title | Die Wirksamkeit des therapeutischen Reitens bei der Behandlung chronisch schizophrener Patienten | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | Der Nervenarzt | Abbreviated Journal | Nervenarzt |
| Volume | 62 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 283-287 |
| Keywords | Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Animals; Attention; Chronic Disease; Female; Follow-Up Studies; *Horses; Humans; Male; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychotherapy/*methods; Schizophrenia/*rehabilitation; *Schizophrenic Psychology; Self Concept; *Sports | ||||
| Abstract | After describing horse-riding as a facility in managing mentally ill patients, a program for chronic schizophrenic in-patients is presented. Clinical experience with this program and also results of a controlled study are reported. The therapeutic value and slope for horse-riding are discussed in relation to different diagnoses. | ||||
| Address | Bezirkskrankenhaus Haar b. Munchen | ||||
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | Die Wirksamkeit des therapeutischen Reitens bei der Behandlung chronisch schizophrener Patienten. Experimentelle Ergebnisse und klinische Erfahrungen | |
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| ISSN | 0028-2804 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | [The effectiveness of therapeutic horseback-riding in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. Experimental results and clinical experiences] | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5067 | ||
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| Author | Hedberg, Y.; Dalin, A.-M.; Ohagen, P.; Holm, K.R.; Kindahl, H. | ||||
| Title | Effect of oestrous-cycle stage on the response of mares in a novel object test and isolation test | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene | Abbreviated Journal | Reprod Domest Anim |
| Volume | 40 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 480-488 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cross-Over Studies; Diestrus/*physiology; Estrus/*physiology; Female; Heart Rate/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Questionnaires | ||||
| Abstract | In various species, sex, hormonal treatments and oestrous-cycle stage have been shown to affect the animal's response in behavioural tests. Few such studies have been performed in the horse. The main aim of the present study was to investigate whether oestrous-cycle stage affects mares' response to a novel object test and isolation test and, in part, to study whether mares, assumed to suffer from oestrous-related behavioural problems, respond differently in these tests when compared with controls. Twelve mares were tested twice, in oestrus and dioestrus, in a crossover design. Seven behavioural and two heart rate variables were measured for the novel object test and two heart rate variables for the isolation test. Oestrous-cycle stage and whether a mare was classified as a 'problem' mare did not affect the mare's response. However, test order, i.e. the cycle stage a mare was tested in first, affected its reaction. This effect could partly be explained by significant differences between test occasions 1 and 2 in three behavioural variables and one heart rate variable (p < 0.05) in the novel object test. The mares explored the novel object more and had a higher mean heart rate in the first test. Exploring the novel object more could largely be attributed to those mares tested in dioestrus first, perhaps indicating that the mares in oestrus were less receptive to the novel object. The reason for the differences between test occasions could be an effect of learning or habituation. | ||||
| Address | Division of Comparative Reproduction, Obstetrics and Udder Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. ylva.hedberg@kv.slu.se | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0936-6768 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16149956 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5170 | ||
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