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Author  |
Grandin, T. | ||||
| Title | Safe handling of large animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.) | Abbreviated Journal | Occup Med |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 195-212 |
| Keywords | Accidents, Occupational/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data; Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animal Husbandry/*methods; Animals; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cattle; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Crowding/psychology; Fear/physiology/psychology; Female; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Humans; Male; Movement/physiology; *Occupational Health; Risk Factors; *Ruminants/physiology/psychology | ||||
| Abstract | The major causes of accidents with cattle, horses, and other grazing animals are: panic due to fear, male dominance aggression, or the maternal aggression of a mother protecting her newborn. Danger is inherent when handling large animals. Understanding their behavior patterns improves safety, but working with animals will never be completely safe. Calm, quiet handling and non-slip flooring are beneficial. Rough handling and excessive use of electric prods increase chances of injury to both people and animals, because fearful animals may jump, kick, or rear. Training animals to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary procedures reduces stress and improves safety. Grazing animals have a herd instinct, and a lone, isolated animal can become agitated. Providing a companion animal helps keep an animal calm. | ||||
| Address | Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80526, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0885-114X | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:10329901 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3793 | ||
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| Author |
Granquist, S.M.; Thorhallsdottir, A.G.; Sigurjonsdottir, H. | ||||
| Title | The effect of stallions on social interactions in domestic and semi feral harems | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 141 | Issue | 1–2 | Pages | 49-56 |
| Keywords | Horses; Hierarchy; Icelandic horse; Social behaviour; Social bonds | ||||
| Abstract | Earlier research indicates that stallions may supress interactions of their harem members, leading to less stable hierarchies and friendship bonds in harems compared to non-stallion groups. In this paper, the effect of the presense of a stallion on the social behaviour of mares was studied by comparing six harems containing stallions to four mixed sex groups not containing stallions. Both temporary and permanent harems were studied, giving the possibility to investigate the effect of group stability on social interactions. A significant linear hierarchy was found in all non-stallion groups that were used for comparison, while the hierarchies were only found to be linear in three of the six harems containing stallions (Landaus h', p < 0.05). Aggression rate was lower (t-test, p < 0.05) and fewer friendship bonds (G-test, p < 0.0001) were found within the harems, compared to the groups without stallions. Stallions seldom intervene directly in interactions between harem members. Thus, our results give support to the hypothesis that stallions may suppress interactions of harem members, but in a more indirect way than with direct interference. In addition, our results give support for earlier findings that aggression rate may be affected by group stability. We found a higher aggression rate in the temporary harems compared to the permanent harems (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.05) and in the temporary non-stallion group compared to the permanent non-stallion group. The results have significance for further research on social structure of mammals, and may be applied in management of domestic animals. | ||||
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| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5619 | ||
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| Author |
Granquist,S.M.; Sigurjónsdóttir, H; Thórhallsdóttir, A.G. | ||||
| Title | Social structure and interactions within groups of horses containing a stallion | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | IESM 2008 | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Social interactions,, Stallions, Hierarchy, Icelandic horses | ||||
| Abstract | Earlier research indicates that stallions might either prevent social interactions between mares in their herds directly or indirectly by their presence (Feist and McCullough, 1976; Sigurjonsdottir et al., 2003) The impact of stallions on the social interactions between harem members was studied in 6 groups of Icelandic horses in 2004, 2006 and 2007 for altogether 525 hours. Four of the groups were permanently living together under semi-feral conditions, while two were temporary breeding groups. In addition, temporary and permanent groups were compared and the effect of the stability of the group on the social behaviour of horses was investigated . The results show that stallions seldom intervene directly in social interactions between harem members. However, the hierarchies were less rigid and fewer friendship bonds were found in the groups compared to what has been found in groups without stallions in Iceland. These results give some support to our prediction that the stallion does indirectly suppress social interactions of herd members. The stability of the group was found to affect the aggression rate, since a higher aggression rate was found in the temporary groups compared to the permanent groups. The number of preferred allogrooming partners of the horses was also affected to some extent, as a significantly lower number of allogrooming partners was found in the most unstable group compared to all the other groups. The results have significance for further research in the field of social structure of mammals, and may also be applied in the management of horses and other domestic animals. |
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| Corporate Author | Sigurjónsdóttir, H | Thesis | |||
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| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | IESM 2008 | ||
| Notes | Talk 15 min IESM 2008 Fullpaper | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4487 | ||
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| Author |
Groesel, M.; Zsoldos, R.R.; Kotschwar, A.; Gfoehler, M.; Peham, C. | ||||
| Title | A preliminary model study of the equine back including activity of longissimus dorsi muscle | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 42 | Issue | Pages | 401-406 | |
| Keywords | horse; back movement; biomechanical model; longissimus dorsi; lateral bending | ||||
| Abstract | Reasons for performing study: Identifying the underlying problem of equine back pain and diseases of the spine are significant problems in veterinary orthopaedics. A study to validate a preliminary biomechanical model of the equine back based on CT images including longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle is therefore important. Objectives: Validation of the back model by comparing the shortening of LD muscles in the model with integrated EMG (IEMG) at stance during induced lateral flexion of the spine. Methods:Longissimus dorsi muscle activity at stance has been used for validation. EMG electrodes were placed laterally at the level of T12, T16 and L3. Reflective markers have been attached on top of the spinous processes T5, T12, T16, L1 and the sacral bone (OS1, OS2) for motion tracking analysis. A virtual model of the equine's back (T1–S5) was built with inclusion of a simplified LD muscle by 2 separate contours left and right of the spine, starting at tuber coxae laterally and attaching to the spinous process T5 medially. Shortening of LD during induced lateral flexion caused by the kinematic data (input) was compared to the 3 EMG signals (T12, T16 and L3) on the active side via correlation. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient between IEMG and shortening length of LD in the model was (mean ± s.d.) 0.95 ± 0.07 for the left side and 0.91 ± 0.07 for the right side of LD. Conclusions: Activity of the LD muscles is mainly responsible for stabilisation of the vertebral column with isometric muscle contraction against dynamic forces in walk and trot. This validation requires muscle shortening in the back, like induced lateral flexion at stance. The length of the shortening muscle model and the IEMG show a linear relationship. These findings will help to model the LD for forward simulations, e.g. from force to motion. | ||||
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| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 2042-3306 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5675 | ||
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| Author |
Grogan, E.H.; McDonnell, S.M. | ||||
| Title | Behavioral responses to two intranasal vaccine applicators in horses and ponies | Type | |||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | Abbreviated Journal | J Am Vet Med Assoc |
| Volume | 226 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 1689-1693 |
| Keywords | Administration, Intranasal; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Horses/physiology/*psychology; Immunization/instrumentation/methods/*veterinary; Male; Patient Compliance/psychology; Physical Examination/psychology/*veterinary; Vaccines/*administration & dosage; Videotape Recording | ||||
| Abstract | OBJECTIVE: To evaluate behavioral compliance of horses and ponies with simulated intranasal vaccination and assess development of generalized aversion to veterinary manipulations. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 28 light horse mares, 3 pony geldings, 2 light horse stallions, and 3 pony stallions that had a history of compliance with veterinary procedures. PROCEDURE: Behavioral compliance with 2 intranasal vaccine applicators was assessed. Compliance with standard physical examination procedures was assessed before and after a single experience with either of the applicators or a control manipulation to evaluate development of generalized aversion to veterinary manipulation. RESULTS: In all 30 horses, simulated intranasal vaccination or the control manipulation could be performed without problematic avoidance behavior, and simulated intranasal vaccination did not have any significant effect on duration of or compliance with a standardized physical examination that included manipulation of the ears, nose, and mouth. Results were similar for the 2 intranasal vaccine applicators, and no difference in compliance was seen between horses in which warm versus cold applicators were used. For 3 of the 6 ponies, substantial avoidance behavior was observed in association with simulated intranasal vaccination, and compliance with physical examination procedures decreased after simulated intranasal vaccination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although some compliance problems were seen with ponies, neither problems with compliance with simulated intranasal vaccination nor adverse effects on subsequent physical examination were identified in any of the horses. Further study is needed to understand factors involved in practitioner reports of aversion developing in association with intranasal vaccination. | ||||
| Address | Equine Behavior Laboratory, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0003-1488 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15906570 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1890 | |||
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| Author |
Grubb, T.L.; Foreman, J.H.; Benson, G.J.; Thurmon, J.C.; Tranquilli, W.J.; Constable, P.D.; Olson, W.O.; Davis, L.E. | ||||
| Title | Hemodynamic effects of calcium gluconate administered to conscious horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | J Vet Intern Med |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 401-404 |
| Keywords | Animals; Blood Pressure/drug effects/physiology; Calcium/blood; Calcium Gluconate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Cardiac Output/drug effects/physiology; Consciousness/*physiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heart Rate/drug effects/physiology; Hemodynamic Processes/*drug effects/physiology; Horses/blood/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous; Male; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/physiology; Respiration/drug effects/physiology; Stroke Volume/drug effects/physiology; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Calcium gluconate was administered to conscious horses at 3 different rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for 15 minutes each). Serum calcium concentrations and parameters of cardiovascular function were evaluated. All 3 calcium administration rates caused marked increases in both ionized and total calcium concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, and cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax). Mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure were unchanged; heart rate decreased markedly during calcium administration. Ionized calcium concentration remained between 54% and 57% of total calcium concentration throughout the study. We conclude that calcium gluconate can safely be administered to conscious horses at 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg/min and that administration will result in improved cardiac function. | ||||
| Address | Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0891-6640 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:8947873 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 97 | ||
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| Author |
Gulotta, M.; Gilmanshin, R.; Buscher, T.C.; Callender, R.H.; Dyer, R.B. | ||||
| Title | Core formation in apomyoglobin: probing the upper reaches of the folding energy landscape | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Biochemistry | Abbreviated Journal | Biochemistry |
| Volume | 40 | Issue | 17 | Pages | 5137-5143 |
| Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Computer Simulation; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Models, Molecular; Myoglobin/*chemistry; *Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Secondary; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Spectrometry, Fluorescence/instrumentation/methods; Thermodynamics; Tryptophan/chemistry | ||||
| Abstract | An acid-destabilized form of apomyoglobin, the so-called E state, consists of a set of heterogeneous structures that are all characterized by a stable hydrophobic core composed of 30-40 residues at the intersection of the A, G, and H helices of the protein, with little other secondary structure and no other tertiary structure. Relaxation kinetics studies were carried out to characterize the dynamics of core melting and formation in this protein. The unfolding and/or refolding response is induced by a laser-induced temperature jump between the folded and unfolded forms of E, and structural changes are monitored using the infrared amide I' absorbance at 1648-1651 cm(-1) that reports on the formation of solvent-protected, native-like helix in the core and by fluorescence emission changes from apomyoglobin's Trp14, a measure of burial of the indole group of this residue. The fluorescence kinetics data are monoexponential with a relaxation time of 14 micros. However, infrared kinetics data are best fit to a biexponential function with relaxation times of 14 and 59 micros. These relaxation times are very fast, close to the limits placed on folding reactions by diffusion. The 14 micros relaxation time is weakly temperature dependent and thus represents a pathway that is energetically downhill. The appearance of this relaxation time in both the fluorescence and infrared measurements indicates that this folding event proceeds by a concomitant formation of compact secondary and tertiary structures. The 59 micros relaxation time is much more strongly temperature dependent and has no fluorescence counterpart, indicating an activated process with a large energy barrier wherein nonspecific hydrophobic interactions between helix A and the G and H helices cause some helix burial but Trp14 remains solvent exposed. These results are best fit by a multiple-pathway kinetic model when U collapses to form the various folded core structures of E. Thus, the results suggest very robust dynamics for core formation involving multiple folding pathways and provide significant insight into the primary processes of protein folding. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0006-2960 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:11318635 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3789 | ||
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| Author |
Gulotta, M.; Rogatsky, E.; Callender, R.H.; Dyer, R.B. | ||||
| Title | Primary folding dynamics of sperm whale apomyoglobin: core formation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Biophysical Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Biophys J |
| Volume | 84 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 1909-1918 |
| Keywords | Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Crystallography/*methods; Horses; Myocardium/chemistry; Myoglobin/*chemistry; Protein Conformation; *Protein Folding; Species Specificity; Structure-Activity Relationship; Temperature; Whales | ||||
| Abstract | The structure, thermodynamics, and kinetics of heat-induced unfolding of sperm whale apomyoglobin core formation have been studied. The most rudimentary core is formed at pH(*) 3.0 and up to 60 mM NaCl. Steady state for ultraviolet circular dichroism and fluorescence melting studies indicate that the core in this acid-destabilized state consists of a heterogeneous composition of structures of approximately 26 residues, two-thirds of the number involved for horse heart apomyoglobin under these conditions. Fluorescence temperature-jump relaxation studies show that there is only one process involved in Trp burial. This occurs in 20 micro s for a 7 degrees jump to 52 degrees C, which is close to the limits placed by diffusion on folding reactions. However, infrared temperature jump studies monitoring native helix burial are biexponential with times of 5 micro s and 56 micro s for a similar temperature jump. Both fluorescence and infrared fast phases are energetically favorable but the slow infrared absorbance phase is highly temperature-dependent, indicating a substantial enthalpic barrier for this process. The kinetics are best understood by a multiple-pathway kinetics model. The rapid phases likely represent direct burial of one or both of the Trp residues and parts of the G- and H-helices. We attribute the slow phase to burial and subsequent rearrangement of a misformed core or to a collapse having a high energy barrier wherein both Trps are solvent-exposed. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. gulotta@aecom.yu.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0006-3495 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12609893 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3783 | ||
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| Author |
Gutierrez Rincon, J.A.; Vives Turco, J.; Muro Martinez, I.; Casas Vaque, I. | ||||
| Title | A comparative study of the metabolic effort expended by horse riders during a jumping competition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | British Journal of Sports Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | Br J Sports Med |
| Volume | 26 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 33-35 |
| Keywords | Adult; Animals; Energy Metabolism/*physiology; *Exertion; Heart Rate/physiology; Horses; Humans; Lactates/blood; *Sports | ||||
| Abstract | The three main Olympic horse riding disciplines are dressage, jumping, and three-day eventing (including dressage, cross country and jumping). In the jumping discipline (obstacle race), the 'team' (horse rider) is judged under the different conditions that might take place in a varied run. The horse is expected to show power and ability; the rider must show riding skill and good physical condition. However, the different conditions encountered by the rider during competition (duration of event, continuous isometric working level, especially in the inferior trunk, lead us to consider the need for a rider to develop different metabolic pathways to meet the high energy requirements of the competition. | ||||
| Address | Centre de Medicina de l'Esport de Barcelona, Spain | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0306-3674 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:1600451 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3754 | ||
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| Author |
Hada, T.; Ohmura, H.; Mukai, K.; Eto, D.; Takahashi, T.; Hiraga, A. | ||||
| Title | Utilisation of the time constant calculated from heart rate recovery after exercise for evaluation of autonomic activity in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement | Abbreviated Journal | Equine Vet J Suppl |
| Volume | Issue | 36 | Pages | 141-145 | |
| Keywords | Animals; Atropine/pharmacology; Autonomic Nervous System/drug effects/*physiology; Exercise Test/veterinary; Female; Heart Rate/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Oxygen Consumption/*physiology; Parasympatholytics/*pharmacology; Physical Conditioning, Animal/*physiology; Physical Fitness/physiology; Propranolol/pharmacology | ||||
| Abstract | REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Heart rate (HR) recovery immediately after exercise is controlled by autonomic functions and the time constant (T) calculated from HR recovery is thought to be an index of parasympathetic activity in man. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether it is possible to evaluate autonomic function using the time constant in horses. METHODS: Five Thoroughbred horses were subjected to a standard exercise test. Following pre-medication with saline, atropine and/or propranolol, the horses ran for 2.5 min at a speed of 8 m/sec at a 10% incline and T was calculated from HR after the exercise. Secondly, 7 Thoroughbred horses were then trained for 11 weeks and T and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) measured at intervals of 1 or 2 weeks. In 6 horses, T with atropine pre-medication was also measured before and after the whole training period. Furthermore, the HR variability at rest was evaluated by power spectral analysis at intervals of 3 or 4 weeks. RESULTS: Time constant was increased by atropine and/or propranolol pre-medication, decreased with the progress of training and inversely correlated with VO2max during training (r = 0.43, P<0.005). Parasympathetic blockade significantly decreased T only after and not before, the training; however, T was lower in post training than in pretraining, irrespective of parasympathetic blockade. On the other hand, parasympathetic activity at rest was attenuated and sympathetic activity became predominant following the training. CONCLUSION: Heart rate recovery is affected by sympathetic withdrawal and parasympathetic reactivation in horses and suggests that physical training hastened HR recovery by improving the parasympathetic function after exercise with aerobic capacity. However, the effects of other factors need to be considered because the training effect appeared on T even under parasympathetic blockade. The parasympathetic activity at rest is in contrast to that after exercise, suggesting that T does not reflect parasympathetic activity at rest. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: If demonstrated how HR recovery is controlled after exercise, its analysis will be important in the evaluation of physical fitness in horses. | ||||
| Address | Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Nischicha, Urakawa-cho, Uraakawagun, Hokkaido, Japan | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:17402409 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4010 | ||
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